The Metabolite Profile in Culture Supernatant of Aster yomena Callus and Its Anti-Photoaging Effect in Skin Cells Exposed to UVB

Abstract

Aster yomena (A. yomena) extract has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-asthma, and anti-atopic effects. However, the commercial use of A. yomena extract requires a long processing time with specific processing steps (including heat treatment and ethanol precipitation), and there are various environmental problems. We aimed to build a system to produce A. yomena extract by culturing the callus in a bioreactor that can allow rapid process scale-up to test the effect of extract (AYC-CS-E) isolated from culture supernatant of A. yomena callus on photoaging of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. Through screening analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS), 17 major metabolites were tentatively identified from AYC-CS-E for the first time. The suppression of cell proliferation caused by UVB was effectively alleviated in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells treated with AYC-CS-E. Treatment with AYC-CS-E strongly induced the formation of type I procollagen and the inhibition of elastase in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells and significantly reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1. In addition, treatment of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells with AYC-CS-E effectively improved various factors associated with an inflammatory reaction, skin damage recovery, skin moisture retention, and hyper-keratinization caused by photoaging, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), MMP-3, MMP-9, filaggrin, hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS-2), keratin 1 (KRT-1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) at the gene and protein levels. These results suggest that AYC-CS-E can be used as a cosmetic ingredient for various skin diseases caused by photoaging, and the current callus culture system can be used commercially to supply cosmetic ingredients.

Inhibition of melanogenesis by Aster yomena callus pellet extract in melanoma cells and patients with skin pigmentation

“…Our group recently showed the effectiveness of AYC-P-E in improving various phenomena, such as skin damage, inflammatory reaction, decreased type I procollagen, and increased elastase, accompanied by photoaging in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes 22 . The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-melanogenic effects of the 19 metabolites present in AYC-P-E (Fig.…”

“…Interestingly, we recently observed that AYC-P-E exerts anti-photoaging functions in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes by improving cell viability, inhibiting elastase, forming Type I procollagen, and inhibiting TNF-α. AYC-P-E is consists of 19 main metabolites including one isoflavonoid, one flavonoid, and three sphingolipids 22 . Among these, flavonoid compounds, such as isoflavonoids and flavonoids, have strong anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, as well as anti-inflammatory effects 32 , 33 .…”

“…AYC-P-E was prepared according to previously described protocols 22 . Briefly, sterilized Aster yomena roots were placed into Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3% (w/v) sucrose, and 0.4% (w/v) Gelrit for 2 weeks (at 25°C in the dark) to induce callus formation.…”

“…Culture medium containing α-MSH (200 nM) was added to B16F10 cells (1×10 5 cells/well in a 6-well plate) for 1 h prior to treatment with AYC-P-E. After 24 h of AYC-P-E treatment, the cells were harvested, washed twice with cold PBS, and total RNA isolation and qRT-PCR were performed as previously described 22 . Briefly, total RNA was extracted using the easy-spin Total RNA Extraction Kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, South Korea).…”

“…We have recently succeeded in establishing an Aster yomena callus culture system and confirmed that metabolites with various functions can be produced using this system. Importantly, the metabolite composition of Aster yomena callus pellet extract (AYC-P-E) was found to alleviate skin photoaging 22 . Based on these findings, AYC-P-E is expected to be widely used as a functional cosmetic ingredient capable of preventing skin photoaging.…”