The metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in urine as an indicator of occupational exposure

Vasillć, Ž.; Drevenkar, Vlasta; Fröbe, Z.; Štengl, B.; Tkalčević, Biserka

doi:10.1080/02772248709357197

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Procedures used or developed in Croatia for the analysis of dimethyl-and diethyl-phosphorus metabolites and parent compounds are summarised in reference (37). Over a decade, several studies were conducted on workers spraying OP pesticides and on accidentally or intentionally poisoned individuals, comprising about 130 subjects (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43).…”

Section: Organophosphates and Metabolites In Human Blood And Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and Detoxication with Emphasis on Studies in Croatia

Reiner

Radić

Simeon-Rudolf

2007

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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This review comprises studies on the mechanisms of toxicity and detoxication of organophosphorus (OP) compounds done in Croatia in different research areas. One area is the synthesis of antidotes against OP poisoning and their in vivo testing in experimental animals. In vitro studies included in this review focus on the mechanisms of reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), protection of cholinesterases from inhibition by OPs, and reactivation of phosphylated cholinesterases. The third area comprises distribution profiles of BChE and paraoxonase (PON) phenotypes in selected population groups and the detection of OPs and metabolites in humans. Finally, methods are described for the detection of OP compounds in human blood and other media by means of cholinesterase inhibition.

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Section: Organophosphates and Metabolites In Human Blood And Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and Detoxication with Emphasis on Studies in Croatia

Reiner

Radić

Simeon-Rudolf

2007

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…Therefore, another approach to the monitoring of organophosphates is based on the determination of these DAP in urine . Numerous methods have been proposed in this field [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Most of them are gas chromatography methods requiring derivatization prior to the analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Simultaneous determination of six dialkylphosphates in urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Dulaurent

Saint-Marcoux

Marquet

et al. 2006

Journal of Chromatography B

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“…Methidathion, like many organophosphate pesticides, is metabolized to dimethyl phosphates that are eliminated in urine (see Table 73.3). Dimethyl phosphorothionate and phosphorodithioate as potassium salts, metabolites of methidathion, were present in urine at levels of 20-46 and 0-22 ng/cm 3 in mixers 1 day before exposure and 173-4506 and 24-544 ng/cm 3 at the end of day 3 of work methidathion (442). In applicators, dimethyl phosphorothionate and phosphorodithioate were present at 0-87 and 0-20 ng/cm 3 , respectively, 1 day before exposure and 20-122 and 0-65 ng/cm 3 at the end of day 3 of work with methidathion; and in field workers, urine levels of dimethyl phosphorothionate and pohsphorodithioate were 0-38 and 0-20 ng/cm 3 1 day before exposure and 20-80 and 0-36 ng/ cm 3 at the end of day 3 of work.…”

Section: Biomonitoring/biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Organophosphorus Pesticides

Storm¹

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Most organophosphorus compounds today fall into two general groups: the so‐called nerve agents, that are very acutely toxic and organophosphorus pesticides that are less toxic. Nerve agents were generally the first toxic organophosphorus developed, and were the original basis for organophosphorus pesticides. Interest about nerve agents has increased lately given concerns about their potential use in terrorist acts. Organophosphate nerve agents and pesticides are a highly diverse group of chemicals. They are all characterized by their ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that deactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). At present, the widest use of organophosphorus compounds is as pesticides, although they have also been used as therapeutic agents, gasoline additives, hydraulic fluids, cotton defoliants, fire retardants, plastic components, growth regulators, and industrial intermediates to a much smaller extent. Compounds in this class are numerous and have been categorized in many ways according to the nature of the substituents. Gallo and Lawryk (1991) [2], for example, categorized them into four main groups I–IV based on the characteristics of the leaving group (X). Group I compounds, phosphorylcholines, have a leaving group that contains a quaternary nitrogen and are among the most potent organophosphates (e.g., Shradan). Group II compounds, fluorophosphates, have a fluoride leaving group and are also generally highly toxic (e.g., diisopropyl fluorophosphate). Group III compounds have leaving groups that contain cyanide or a halogen other than fluoride and are generally less potent than group I or II (e.g., Parathion). Group IV contains most of the organophosphates used as insecticides today. These compounds have alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, or heterocyclic leaving groups and a wide variety of other substituents. Another classification scheme is based on the nature of the atoms that immediately surround the central phosphorus atom and results in 14 different categories. According to this scheme, phosphates are the prototype for the entire class and are those compounds where all four atoms that surround the phosphorus atom are oxygen (e.g., dichlorvos, mevinphos). Sulfur‐containing organophosphate compounds (phosphorothioates, phosphorothiolates, phosphorodithioates, and phosphorodithiolates) are far more numerous than phosphates and include well‐recognized organophosphate insecticides such as parathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, etc. Other groups contain nitrogen (phosphoramides and phosphorodiamides), nitrogen and sulfur (phosphoramidothionates and phosphoramidothiolates), carbon (phosphonates and phosphinates), or carbon and sulfur (phosphonothionates, phosphonothionothiolates, and phosphinothionates). All aspects of organophosphate chemistry, toxicity, analysis, and exposure potential have been previously and comprehensively reviewed. In addition, information regarding the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides in particular has expanded greatly in recent years as a result of toxicity data supplied by registrants to the U.S. EPA's Office of Pesticides to support reregistration. These data have been made publicly available by the U.S. EPA on its Internet Web site ( www.epa.gov/pesticides ). The following discussion draws heavily from recent reviews and also includes summaries of relevant toxicity data submitted to, and made available by, the U.S. EPA.

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The metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in urine as an indicator of occupational exposure

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and Detoxication with Emphasis on Studies in Croatia

Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and Detoxication with Emphasis on Studies in Croatia

Simultaneous determination of six dialkylphosphates in urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Organophosphorus Pesticides

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