Homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into the bone marrow (BM) is a prerequisite for establishment of hematopoiesis during development and following transplantation. However, the molecular interactions that control homing of HSCs, in particular, of fetal HSCs, are not well understood. Herein, we studied the role of the ␣6 and ␣4 integrin receptors for homing and engraftment of fetal liver (FL) HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) to adult BM by using integrin
IntroductionDuring transplantation, intravenously injected hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) selectively transmigrate through the sinusoidal walls into the bone marrow (BM) niches to engraft and reconstitute hematopoiesis. This process, called homing, is a rapid multistep process involving multiple adhesion receptor and ligand pairs, leading first to reversible adhesion of circulating HSPCs to endothelial cells of BM sinusoids and subsequently transmigration through the sinusoidal walls into the specific hematopoietic niches. 1 The adhesive interactions mediated by distinct receptors on hematopoietic cells regulate the localization, migration, and other HSPC functions within their native microenvironments, and are likely to define their homing potential in a transplantation setting. 2 The rate of reconstitution following transplantation varies depending on the source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), suggesting developmentally regulated and cell type-specific differences in expression and function of homing receptors. Cord blood grafts are associated with a particularly delayed hematopoietic reconstitution. 3 In contrast, experimental studies have shown a more rapid and robust reconstitution of both human and mouse fetal liver (FL) HSCs than adult BM HSCs. 4,5 Increasing HSC homing and engraftment efficiency might offer a means to enhance reconstitution, which may be critically important if donor cell numbers are limiting, as frequently observed in cord blood units. 3 Therefore, knowledge of the specific molecular mechanisms involved in homing and engraftment of different types of HSPCs is of clinical significance for the development of clinical transplantation methods.Mouse models for mammalian hematopoiesis are widely used to study developmentally regulated HSC functions, including mobilization, homing, and engraftment. 6 During mammalian ontogeny, HSCs develop sequentially in distinct hematopoietic tissues, beginning in the yolk sac and subsequently in the aorta-gonadmesonephros region in the embryo proper. At embryonic day 10 (E10) in mice, definitive hematopoiesis arises in the liver, which is the main site of hematopoiesis throughout subsequent fetal development. 7 In later gestation, hematopoiesis expands into spleen (E15) and thereafter into BM (E17). This shift in hematopoiesis is accomplished by migration of liver HSPCs into spleen and BM, and consequently, is associated with mobilization of large numbers of HSPCs into the bloodstream. 6 Despite the central role of migration and homing in stem-cell biology and in st...