The Microbial Generation of Nitric Oxide in the Human Oral Cavity

Smith, A. J.; Benjamin, Nigel; Weetman, D.A.; MacKenzie, Duncan; MacFarlane, T. W.

doi:10.3402/mehd.v11i1.7880

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Acidified NO 2 -has a similar effect on periodontal bacteria (e.g., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eikenella corrodens, and Porphyromonas gingivalis) (Allaker et al, 2001). Importantly, while the growth of periodontal bacteria is known to be inhibited by acid in the absence of NO 2 -, there is a dose-dependent decrease in these bacteria in the presence of NO 2 - (Allaker et al, 2001 NO redox cascade (Fang, 1997;Smith et al, 1999;Sato et al, 2008). The mechanism by which .…”

Section: Nitrogen Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic Chemistry of Defensive Peroxidases in the Human Oral Cavity

Ashby

2008

J Dent Res

102

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The innate host response system is comprised of various mechanisms for orchestrating host response to microbial infection of the oral cavity. The heterogeneity of the oral cavity and the associated microenvironments that are produced give rise to different chemistries that affect the innate defense system. One focus of this review is on how these spatial differences influence the two major defensive peroxidases of the oral cavity, salivary peroxidase (SPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). With hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant, the defensive peroxidases use inorganic ions to produce antimicrobials that are generally more effective than H2O2 itself. The concentrations of the inorganic substrates are different in saliva vs. gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Thus, in the supragingival regime, SPO and MPO work in unison for the exclusive production of hypothiocyanite (OSCN−, a reactive inorganic species), which constantly bathes nascent plaques. In contrast, MPO is introduced to the GCF during inflammatory response, and in that environment it is capable of producing hypochlorite (OCl−), a chemically more powerful oxidant that is implicated in host tissue damage. A second focus of this review is on inter-person variation that may contribute to different peroxidase function. Many of these differences are attributed to dietary or smoking practices that alter the concentrations of relevant inorganic species in the oral cavity ( e.g.: fluoride, F−; cyanide, CN−; cyanate, OCN−; thiocyanate, SCN−; and nitrate, NO3−). Because of the complexity of the host and microflora biology and the associated chemistry, it is difficult to establish the significance of the human peroxidase systems during the pathogenesis of oral diseases. The problem is particularly complex with respect to the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets (where the very different defensive stratagems of GCF and saliva co-mingle). Despite this complexity, intriguing in vitro and in vivo studies are reviewed here that reveal the interplay between peroxidase function and associated inorganic chemistry.

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Section: Nitrogen Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic Chemistry of Defensive Peroxidases in the Human Oral Cavity

Ashby

2008

J Dent Res

102

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“…It should especially be observed that gastric nitric oxide production does not occur in germ-free animals and is observed to be significantly less when antibiotics are supplied. Another recent publication (Smith et al, 1999) suggests that, in the oral cavity, organisms such as Actinomyces spp. and Veillonella spp., but not the most frequent species in the oral cavity, such as Streptococcus spp., have a strong capacity to reduce nitrate and to produce nitric oxide.…”

Section: Nitric Oxide -A Key Player?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for New and Rediscovered Therapies: Probiotics and Phage

Bengmark

2000

Fighting Infection in the 21st Century

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“…As the result of the active transport, salivary concentration of nitrate is at least 10 times higher than the concentration in plasma, and the value is 0.4-1.5 mM [1,2]. Nitrate ingested as a food component is rapidly and effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrite concentration in saliva has been reported to be 0.05-1 mM [1,2,8,9]. Nitrite concentration in saliva has been reported to be 0.05-1 mM [1,2,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%