The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract in health and disease

Kumpitsch, Christina; Koskinen, Kaisa; Schöpf, Veronika; Moissl-Eichinger, Christine

doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0703-z

Cited by 354 publications

(337 citation statements)

References 271 publications

(406 reference statements)

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“…These modifications in turn facilitate the formation of niches that favor the growth and increase of common commensal bacteria. In addition, the interaction between the intestine and the lungs plays an important role in pulmonary microbiome eubiosis and immunomodulation [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. It then becomes important to investigate the role of: (a) pathogenic microbes that cause or contribute to disease development and/or progression, (b) commensal microbes that do not cause disease, (c) neutral or beneficial host interaction bacterial microbiota studies, (d) the recent reassessment of viruses and fungi [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Respiratory System and its Microbiome at a Glimpse

Santacroce

Charitos

Ballini

et al. 2020

Biology

143

101

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The recent COVID-19 pandemic promoted efforts to better understand the organization of the respiratory microbiome and its evolution from birth to adulthood and how it interacts with external pathogens and the host immune system. This review aims to deepen understanding of the essential physiological functions of the resident microbiome of the respiratory system on human health and diseases. First, the general characteristics of the normal microbiota in the different anatomical sites of the airways have been reported in relation to some factors such as the effect of age, diet and others on its composition and stability. Second, we analyze in detail the functions and composition and the correct functionality of the microbiome in the light of current knowledge. Several studies suggest the importance of preserving the micro-ecosystem of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microbes of the respiratory system, and, more recently, its relationship with the intestinal microbiome, and how it also leads to the maintenance of human health, has become better understood.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Respiratory System and its Microbiome at a Glimpse

Santacroce

Charitos

Ballini

et al. 2020

Biology

143

101

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“…Moraxella catarrhalis is both a normal commensal and a pathogen of the respiratory tract ( 50 ), and although little is known about the differences between the two or how it switches from one to the other, preserving the healthy microbiota when targeting pathogenic bacteria is critical. Microbial community composition has a profound impact on human health, protecting against the growth and invasion of respiratory pathogens ( 51 ), helping with the development and maintenance of a healthy immune system ( 52 ), but also preventing neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis ( 53 ). M. catarrhalis strains isolated from patients with bronchopulmonary infection were more resistant to complement-mediated killing than strains harbored by healthy carriers (89% vs 41.5%) ( 54 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Fusion Proteins Enhance Moraxella catarrhalis Killing

et al. 2020

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Moraxella catarrhalis is a human-specific commensal of the respiratory tract and an opportunistic pathogen. It is one of the leading cause of otitis media in children and of acute exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, resulting in significant morbidity and economic burden. Vaccines and new immunotherapeutic strategies to treat this emerging pathogen are needed. Complement is a key component of innate immunity that mediates the detection, response, and subsequent elimination of invading pathogens. Many pathogens including M. catarrhalis have evolved complement evasion mechanisms, which include the binding of human complement inhibitors such as C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and Factor H (FH). Inhibiting C4BP and FH acquisition by M. catarrhalis may provide a novel therapeutic avenue to treat infections. To achieve this, we created two chimeric proteins that combined the Moraxella-binding domains of C4BP and FH fused to human immunoglobulin Fcs: C4BP domains 1 and 2 and FH domains 6 and 7 fused to IgM and IgG Fc, respectively. As expected, FH6-7/IgG displaced FH from the bacterial surface while simultaneously activating complement via Fc-C1q interactions, together increasing pathogen elimination. C4BP1-2/IgM also increased serum killing of the bacteria through enhanced complement deposition, but did not displace C4BP from the surface of M. catarrhalis . These Fc fusion proteins could act as anti-infective immunotherapies. Many microbes bind the complement inhibitors C4BP and FH through the same domains as M. catarrhalis , therefore these Fc fusion proteins may be promising candidates as adjunctive therapy against many different drug-resistant pathogens.

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“…In young children, pro les dominated by Moraxella and Dolosigranulum combined with Corynebacterium form a stable nasal microbiome associated with lower rates of respiratory infections, suggesting that Moraxella might be a keystone bacterium in infants, at the exception of Moraxella catarrhalis, found to be associated with bronchiolitis, otitis in and chronic rhinosinusitis 19,25,41,42 . In dogs, the vast majority of Moraxellaceae found in this study, besides the species Moraxella canis, were not resolved beyond genus level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in Facial Conformation Are Associated With Differences in Nasal Microbiota in Healthy Dogs

Vangrinsven

Fastrès

Taminiau

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background – Extrinsic and intrinsic factors have been shown to influence nasal microbiota (NM) in humans. Very few studies investigated the association between nasal microbiota and factors like facial/body conformation, age, and environment in dogs. Objectives are to investigate variations in NM in healthy dogs with different facial and body conformations and to assess the influence of age and living environment. A total of 46 dogs of different age, living environment and from 3 different breed groups were recruited: 22 meso-/dolichocephalic medium to large breed dogs, 12 brachycephalic dogs and 12 terrier breeds. The nasal bacterial microbiota was assessed through sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 regions) amplicons.Results – We showed major differences in the NM composition together with increased richness and α-diversity in brachycephalic dogs, compared to meso-/dolichocephalic dogs and dogs from terrier breeds. We failed to detect any effect of age or environment.Conclusion – Healthy brachycephalic breeds and their unique facial conformation is associated with a distinct NM profile. Description of the NM in healthy dogs serves as a foundation for future researches assessing the changes associated with disease and the modulation of NM communities as a potential treatment.

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The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract in health and disease

Cited by 354 publications

References 271 publications

The Human Respiratory System and its Microbiome at a Glimpse

The Human Respiratory System and its Microbiome at a Glimpse

Antibacterial Fusion Proteins Enhance Moraxella catarrhalis Killing

Variations in Facial Conformation Are Associated With Differences in Nasal Microbiota in Healthy Dogs

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