2018
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020040
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The Microenvironment in Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies

Abstract: The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause a wide variety of cancers upon infection of different cell types and induces a highly variable composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME). This TME consists of both innate and adaptive immune cells and is not merely an aspecific reaction to the tumor cells. In fact, latent EBV-infected tumor cells utilize several specific mechanisms to form and shape the TME to their own benefit. These mechanisms have been studied largely in the context of EBV+ Hodgkin lymphoma, undi… Show more

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Cited by 49 publications
(61 citation statements)
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References 198 publications
(231 reference statements)
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“…Although multiple studies have investigated TME and PD-L1 expression in B-cell lymphomas, only limited, small studies have been conducted in BL. [14][15][16] In the present study, we extensively evaluated the TME composition, activation status and expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints both on the inflammatory infiltrate and neoplastic cells of BL tumors including eBL, sBL and idBL cases. Thus, we investigated PD-L1 expression and the contribution of EBV in fostering the activation of the PD1-PD-L1 axis.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Although multiple studies have investigated TME and PD-L1 expression in B-cell lymphomas, only limited, small studies have been conducted in BL. [14][15][16] In the present study, we extensively evaluated the TME composition, activation status and expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints both on the inflammatory infiltrate and neoplastic cells of BL tumors including eBL, sBL and idBL cases. Thus, we investigated PD-L1 expression and the contribution of EBV in fostering the activation of the PD1-PD-L1 axis.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The constitutive association between EBV and BL, especially with endemic Burkitt lymphoma raises questions regarding the role of the virus in altering and actively shaping the tumour microenvironment. [16][17][18][19][20] Indeed, EBV orchestrates a variety of complex mechanism favouring the escape of lymphoma cells from anti-tumour immune responses while promoting the creation of niches in which tumour cells may find support for their growth and survival. [19][20][21][22] Computational methods such as GEP deconvolution allow high sensitivity discrimination of cell subsets within complex tissues, as tumours.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although multiple studies have investigated at tumor microenvironment (TME) and PD-L1 expression in B-cell lymphomas, only limited, small studies have been conducted in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) [14][15][16] .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The constitutive association between EBV and BL, especially with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) rises questions regarding the role of the virus in altering and actively shaping the tumour microenvironment [16][17][18][19][20][21] . Indeed, EBV orchestrates a variety of complex mechanism favouring the escape of lymphoma cells from anti-tumour immune responses while promoting the creation of niches in which tumour cells may find support for their growth and survival [19][20][21][22][23] .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…EBV-infected B-cell clones are often found in PTCL-NOS and AITL. Latent EBV infection has transformative properties on infected cells, but it can also cause inflammation in the tumor microenvironment(35). EBV seems to trigger the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ cells in the EBV infected germinal centers(36).…”
Section: Immune System In T Cell Neoplasms – Rationale For Immunotherapymentioning
confidence: 99%