The microglial cell. A historical review

Barron, Kevin D.

doi:10.1016/0022-510x(95)00209-k

Cited by 239 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…9,24,25 Parenchymal microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, are yolk sacederived, myeloid lineage cells that engraft the CNS during embryonic development and are then maintained as a stable population. 26,27 Perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages are of bone marrow origin and are thought to be replenished from circulating monocytes in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans, likely at different rates. 17,28e32 In the normal CNS, microglia express the pan-macrophage marker CD68 and have low to undetectable hemoglobin-haptoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 (CD68 þ CD163 À ).…”

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confidence: 99%

SIV Encephalitis Lesions Are Composed of CD163+ Macrophages Present in the Central Nervous System during Early SIV Infection and SIV-Positive Macrophages Recruited Terminally with AIDS

Nowlin

Burdo

Midkiff

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Pathology

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Macrophage recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) during AIDS pathogenesis is poorly understood. We measured the accumulation of brain perivascular (CD163 þ ) and inflammatory (MAC387 þ ) macrophages in SIV-infected monkeys. Monocyte progenitors were 5-bromo-2 0 -deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled in bone marrow, and CNS macrophages were labeled serially with fluorescent dextrans injected into the cisterna magna. MAC387 þ macrophages accumulated in the meninges and choroid plexus in early inflammation and in the perivascular space and SIV encephalitis (SIVE) lesions late. CD163 þ macrophages accumulated in the perivascular space and SIVE lesions with late inflammation. Most of the BrdU þ cells were MAC387 þ ; however, CD163 þ BrdU þ macrophages were present in the meninges and choroid plexus with AIDS. Most (81.6% AE 1.8%) of macrophages in SIVE lesions were present in the CNS before SIVE lesion formation. There was a 2.9-fold increase in SIVp28 þ macrophages entering the CNS late compared with those entering early (P < 0.05). The rate of CD163 þ macrophage recruitment to the CNS inversely correlated with time to death (P < 0.03) and increased with SIVE. In SIVE animals, soluble CD163 correlated with CD163 þ macrophage recruitment (P Z 0.02). Most perivascular macrophages that comprise SIVE lesions and multinucleated giant cells are present in the CNS early, before SIVE lesions are formed. Most SIV-infected macrophages traffic to the CNS terminally with AIDS.

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confidence: 99%

SIV Encephalitis Lesions Are Composed of CD163+ Macrophages Present in the Central Nervous System during Early SIV Infection and SIV-Positive Macrophages Recruited Terminally with AIDS

Nowlin

Burdo

Midkiff

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Pathology

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“…These events were described by del Rio-Hortega (1932), and received later support from morphological observations of intermediate forms between ameboid and rami®ed microglial cells (Ling, 1981;Perry et al, 1985;Leong and Ling, 1992;Wu et al, 1992Wu et al, , 1993Cuadros et al, 1994). The transformation of ameboid microglia into rami®ed microglia is now largely accepted (Perry and Gordon, 1988;Ling and Wong, 1993;Davis et al, 1994;Barron, 1995). In vitro studies have shown that cultured microglial cells become rami®ed under certain conditions, such as culture on astrocyte monolayers (Sievers et al, , 1996Tanaka and Maeda, 1996), when certain factors are added to the culture medium (Suzumura et al, 1991;Giulian et al, 1995;Fujita et al, 1996;Eder et al, 1997), and in the presence of certain extracellular matrix molecules Giulian et al, 1995).…”

Section: Differentiation Of Microglial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Microglial cells were reported to exist within the central nervous system (CNS) nearly a century ago [see Barron (1995)]. Although del Rio-Hortega (1932) provided a complete framework for de®ning this cell type, many features of microglia are still controversial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The origin and differentiation of microglial cells during development

Cuadros

Navascués

1998

Progress in Neurobiology

269

177

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AbstractÐSome authors claim that microglia originate from the neuroepithelium, although most now believe that microglial cells are of mesodermal origin, and probably belong to the monocyte/macrophage cell line. These cells must enter the developing central nervous system (CNS) from the blood stream, the ventricular space or the meninges. Afterward microglial cells are distributed more or less homogeneously through the entire nervous parenchyma. Stereotyped patterns of migration have been recognized during development, in which long-distance tangential migration precedes radial migration of individual cells. Microglial cells moving through the nervous parenchyma are ameboid microglia, which apparently di erentiate into rami®ed microglia after reaching their de®nitive location. This is supported by the presence of cells showing intermediate features between those of ameboid and rami®ed microglia. The factors that control the invasion of the nervous parenchyma, migration within the developing CNS and di erentiation of microglial cells are not well known. These phenomena apparently depend on environmental factors such as soluble or cell-surface bound molecules and components of the extracellular matrix. Microglial cells within the developing CNS are involved in clearing cell debris and withdrawing misdirected or transitory axons, and presumably support cell survival and neurite growth. #

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“…Since the initial comprehensive description of microglia by del Rio-Hortega in 1932, the exact origin of microglia remains the subject of debate. Numerous studies in the last three decades, however, have generally supported the view that microglia derive from mesodermal precursor cells of possibly hematopoietic lineage that enter the brain during the embryonic and early postnatal phases of development (for reviews, see Barron, 1995;Cuadros and Navascues, 1998). During brain remodeling and maturation, microglia are believed to assist in the clearance of cells deemed for elimination through programmed cell death.…”

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confidence: 99%