The Microscopy of Drinking Water

Whipple, Georǵe C.; Fair, Gordon M.; Whipple, Melville C.; Purdy, William C.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1928.tb12731.x

Cited by 43 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Apart from the fact that pollutional organisms must be found and clean-water species must be missing in delineating the zones of pollution in a stream, the mode of occurrence of the organisms must be taken into account (3). For example, the assemblage of organisms found in the polluted zones of Lytle Creek presented the following characteristics: (a) very large numbers of individuals; (b) few species represented in the fauna; (c) principally scavenger types present; and (d) the presence of forms having low oxygen requirements or special adaptations for obtaining their oxygen supply.…”

Section: One Of the Primary Objectives Of The Lytlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lytle Creek, which was especially selected for the study, is about 45 miles northeast of Cincinnati, Ohio, and is a tributary of Todds Fork, a part of the Little Miami River system. It is a small stream approximately 11 miles long, 3 to 35 feet wide during non-floodstage, and a few inches up to 6 feet deep. The principal natural source of water in the stream is surface drainage from the surrounding area.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Aquatic Invertebrates as Indicators of Stream Pollution

Gaufin¹,

Tarzwell²

1952

Public Health Reports (1896-1970)

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Year-round field studies of the biology of stream sanitation were initiated by the biology section of the Public Health Service's Environmental Health Center on Lytle Creek in October 1949. The aims of these investigations were: 1. To develop or devise and field test procedures and equipment for biological surveys and investigations of polluted streams. 2. To investigate seasonal and diurnal environmental changes in a stream polluted with oxygen-depleting wastes. 3. To determine how the physical-chemical environment in the various pollutional zones affects the qualitative and quantitative composition of aquatic populations and how these populations in turn affect or change physicalchemical conditions. 4. To relate various qualitative and quantitative compositions of aquatic populations to environmental conditions found in streams polluted with organic wastes and to test the value and use of aquatic organisms as indicators of clean water and various degrees of pollution at all seasons of the year. 5. To determine the rate of satisfaction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the area in which most of the demand is satisfied, and how seasonal and other environmental conditions affect the process. 6. To determine the value of fishes as indicators of pollution and their use in evaluating the effects of pollution.

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Section: One Of the Primary Objectives Of The Lytlementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Invertebrates as Indicators of Stream Pollution

Gaufin¹,

Tarzwell²

1952

Public Health Reports (1896-1970)

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“…The compositional properties of CDOM vary over time in response to processes such as microbial decomposition and exposure to UV irradiation. Previous studies have shown the latter process, first described by Wipple (1914) as "photobleaching", plays a major role in the transformation of DOM in natural waters. Exposure to solar irradiance has been shown to reduce its capacity to absorb light; the loss of ab-sorptivity is linked to a reduction in molecular weight (MW), alteration of its chemical composition and an increase in the bioavailability of DOM (Geller, 1986;Keiber et al, 1990;Wetzel et al, 1995;Lindell et al, 1995;Corin et al, 1996;Reche et al, 1998) with implications for lake metabolism.…”

Section: Optical Properties Of Cdommentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to RC1 - Aull&#243;-Maestro et al.

2016

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The development and validation of remotesensing-based approaches for the retrieval of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentrations requires a comprehensive understanding of the sources and magnitude of variability in the optical properties of dissolved material within lakes. In this study, spatial and seasonal variability in concentration and composition of CDOM and the origin of its variation was studied in Lake Balaton (Hungary), a large temperate shallow lake in central Europe. In addition, we investigated the effect of photobleaching on the optical properties of CDOM through in-lake incubation experiments. There was marked variability throughout the year in CDOM absorption in Lake Balaton (a CDOM (440) = 0.06-9.01 m −1). The highest values were consistently observed at the mouth of the main inflow (Zala River), which drains humic-rich material from the adjoining Kis-Balaton wetland, but CDOM absorption decreased rapidly towards the east where it was consistently lower and less variable than in the westernmost lake basins. The spectral slope parameter for the interval of 350-500 nm (S CDOM (350-500)) was more variable with increasing distance from the inflow (observed range 0.0161-0.0181 nm −1 for the mouth of the main inflow and 0.0158-0.0300 nm −1 for waters closer to the outflow). However, spatial variation in S CDOM was more constant exhibiting a negative correlation with a CDOM (440). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was strongly positively correlated with a CDOM (440) and followed a similar seasonal trend but it demonstrated more variability than either a CDOM or S CDOM with distance through the system. Photobleaching resulting from a 7-day exposure to natural solar UV radiation resulted in a marked decrease in allochthonous CDOM absorption (7.04 to 3.36 m −1 , 42 % decrease). Photodegradation also resulted in an increase in the spectral slope coefficient of dissolved material.

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“…O poder da luz solar de provocar o clareamento da água (foto-branqueamento, do inglês photobleaching) foi um fenômeno inicialmente demonstrado por cientistas interessados na aparência da água potável (e.g. Whipple 1914). Este fenômeno ocorre devido à existência de estruturas das moléculas orgânicas capazes de absorver a energia solar (cromóforos), as quais mudam de conformação ou são degradadas para estabilização energética da molécula (Strome & Miller 1978).…”

Section: O Foto-branqueamento E Suas Conseqüências P Ara Os Organismounclassified

O Papel Da Foto-Degradação Do Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (Cod) Nos Ecossistemas Aquáticos

Suhett¹,

Amado²,

Bozelli³

et al. 2006

Oecol. Bras.

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RESUMO O carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) é um dos maiores e mais dinâmicos reservatórios de carbono da biosfera, tendo grande influência sobre o ciclo global do carbono. Além de ser consumido pelas bactérias aquáticas, o COD também é degradado pela luz solar. Este processo de foto-degradação, ou foto-oxidação, transforma o COD, alterando sua disponibilidade para as bactérias, podendo também oxidá-lo direto a CO 2. Neste artigo, revemos as principais motivações biogeoquímicas para o estudo deste processo nos ecossistemas aquáticos, bem como as suas principais implicações ecológicas. Inicialmente, discutimos aspectos gerais do COD nos ecossistemas aquáticos, sua degradação pelas bactérias e pela luz e a relação entre estes dois processos. É mencionado o papel do foto-branqueamento do COD na regulação da penetração de luz na coluna d'água e dos efeitos desta sobre os organismos. É também abordado o potencial de foto-degradação de compostos tóxicos pela luz solar. São brevemente abordadas algumas metodologias utilizadas nos estudos de foto-degradação. Apontamos os principais fatores reguladores da foto-degradação e como estes fatores podem influenciar a variação sazonal das taxas de foto-oxidação. Numa análise em escala global, mostramos que as taxas de fotooxidação são significativamente maiores em ecossistemas tropicais, o que é parcialmente explicado por maiores concentrações de COD. As taxas de foto-oxidação estão positivamente relacionadas ao COD embora a relação não seja muito forte (r 2 = 0,42), devido a fatores como a variação sazonal da foto-reatividade do COD. Propomos que a alta incidência solar durante todo o ano e aumentos sazonais da foto-reatividade do COD também interagem para produzir valores altos de foto-oxidação nos ecossistemas tropicais. Palavras-chave: Carbono orgânico dissolvido, Foto-degradação, Foto-oxidação. ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) PHOTO-OXIDATION IN AQUATIC ECOSSYSTEMS. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is major and dynamic carbon pool in the biosphere, with great influence on the global carbon cycle. Besides being consumed by aquatic bacteria, DOC is also degraded by sunlight. This process of photodegradation, or photo-oxidation, transforms DOC, changing its bioavailability, or even oxidizes DOC directly into CO 2. In this paper, we review the main biogeochemical motivations for the research on this process in aquatic ecosystems. First, we discuss general aspects of DOC, its degradation by bacteria and light and the relationship between these two processes. We mention the role of photo-bleaching in regulating the light penetration in the water column and its effects on aquatic organisms. The potential of sunlight for the photo-degradation of toxic compounds is also shown. We shortly mention some methods for the study of photodegradation. We also point out the main regulating factors of photo-degradation and how they may affect the seasonal variation of photo-oxidation rates. In a global analysis, we show that photo-oxidation rates are significantly higher in tro...

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The Microscopy of Drinking Water

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Aquatic Invertebrates as Indicators of Stream Pollution

Aquatic Invertebrates as Indicators of Stream Pollution

Responses to RC1 - Aull&#243;-Maestro et al.

O Papel Da Foto-Degradação Do Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (Cod) Nos Ecossistemas Aquáticos

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The Microscopy of Drinking Water

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Aquatic Invertebrates as Indicators of Stream Pollution

Aquatic Invertebrates as Indicators of Stream Pollution

Responses to RC1 - Aull&amp;#243;-Maestro et al.

O Papel Da Foto-Degradação Do Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (Cod) Nos Ecossistemas Aquáticos

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Responses to RC1 - Aulló-Maestro et al.