The Microscopy of Drinking Water

Whipple, Georǵe C.; Fair, Gordon Makew; Whipple, Melville C.

doi:10.2307/3222371

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…11, pH 7.0), the latter is approximately forty per cent colored. One suggestion as to the nature of the remaining colorless sixty per cent is that at least part of it may consist of similar material which has been bleached by sunlight (Whipple 1927).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physical nature of the substances has bocn investigated by indirect means, and the general consensus has been that they are colloidal (James and Birge 1938, James 1941, Ohle 1934, 1940. In addition to this rather scant knowledge it is known that sunlight will bleach the color (Whipple 1927) and that the color is rcvcrsibly lightened by lowering the pH (Ohle 1934, Hutchinson, in press). Several investigators (Taylor 1949, Whipple 1927, Juday and Birge 1933 have noted increases following rain, and this suggests a soil origin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Shapiro

1957

Limnology & Oceanography

182

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The yellow coloring matter of natural waters has been studied with particular emphasis on Lower Linsley Pond, Connecticut.The best method of isolation was by ethyl acetate extraction of acidified evaporation residues of filtered water.The material thus obtained was a mixture of colorless and colored carboxylic acids, the colored ones fluorescing under ultra-violet light. Numerous yellow fractions were distinguished through paper chromatography, none of which showed maxima in either their visible or ultra-violet absorption spectra. Chemical tests indicated a phenolic or enolic character with probable unsaturation.Elemental analyses showed 1.4% ash, no halogens or sulfur, and resulted in an empirical formula of (ChOH62027N)n. The nitrogen was believed to be an impurity, resulting in an empirical formula of CzlHzsOll on the basis of the determined mean molecular weight of 456. The mean equivalent weight of the mixture was 228. The salts of the acids were dialysable and the acids were amorphous as shown by x-ray diffraction.Infra-red spectroscopy of various derivatives indicated a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids and admitted the possibility of unsaturation and aromaticity, although the indications are that if aromaticity exists it is relatively inconsequential. The materials were very resistant to chemical oxidation.Lower Linsley Pond surface water contained between 4.5 and 9.0 milligrams of acids per liter, of which about 40% was estimated to be yellow. Raising the pH from 3 to 11 increased the color by 50%. Solutions of the salts obeyed Beer's law in the range studied from 5 to 70 mg/L. The materials may affect organisms through alteration of light and by their buffering action. They were reasonably stable to biological decomposition over a period of 4% months. Concentrations of up to 50 mg/L had no effect on pure cultures of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi, but Hematococcus pluvialis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were stimulated in their growth by concentrations of between 5 and 50 mg/L. The materials were able to retain iron in a filterable state at pH values up to 13.2.Eleven lakes showed very similar Chromatographic patterns on the same date and on different dates. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that some of the numerous colored fractions are different salts of a small number of acids. It is concluded that the materials originate as a result of decomposition in soil and possibly in sediments as well. The name 'humolimnic acids' is suggested for the materials to indicate their probable relation but improbable equivalence with so-called 'humic' acids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Shapiro

1957

Limnology & Oceanography

182

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“…Quantitative analyses were performed on sample 3 by the method of Whipple (Whipple et al, 1927) using a Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber with a 1 mL capacity. Individual phytoplankton was counted along the entire chamber (APHA, 1995) on an Olympus CX21 microscope (Olympus) with up to 200 times magnification.…”

Section: Phytoplanktonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton relationship with bacterioplankton, dissolved carbohydrates and water characteristics in a subtropical coastal lagoon

Guimarães¹,

Zigiotto

Garcia

et al. 2013

J Limnol

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“…1) shov abundant and irregular deposition of mineral around the older fila ments. This deposition may be related to the fact that aquati plants, by photosynthesis, exhaust the carbon dioride in water, thu promoting the deposition of calcium carbonate (Whipple, 1927) The varying amount of mineral accumulation indicates that, i" addition to the influence of water body area, depth, and evaporation the growth processes of the different species and their symbionts ar significant in mineral accumulations.…”

Section: Mineral Deposition Associated With Plant Growth Greenhouse Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular and extracellular concentration of manganese and other elements by aquatic organisms

Oborn¹

1964

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The Microscopy of Drinking Water

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Phytoplankton relationship with bacterioplankton, dissolved carbohydrates and water characteristics in a subtropical coastal lagoon

Intracellular and extracellular concentration of manganese and other elements by aquatic organisms

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