The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia

Tvauri, Andres

doi:10.26530/oapen_423944

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We only have to take a look at the volumes dedicated to the analysis of Iron Age burial sites in classic works on Prehistoric archaeology in Estonia (Tallgren 1925;Moora et al 1936;Jaanits et al 1982), Latvia (Moora 1929;1938;Apals et al 1974; and Lithuania (LAA, 1977;Michelbertas 1986;Tautavičius 1996). The same tendency can be followed in more recent publications, as well (Ritums 2004;Griciuvienė 2005;Melne 2006;Muižnieks 2008;Lang 2007a-b;Tvauri 2012). In these, as well as numerous other specific case studies, the focus is put on the burial goods, the remains of the deceased, the distribution of burial areas in the (cultural) landscape, and further social analysis based on this data.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…The same applies to the deposits of which part or all have been lost over time and have remained undocumented, so that the artefacts and their chronology cannot be established. Therefore, although the total number of first to ninth-century AD wealth deposits is somewhere around one hundred (Urtāns 1964;Jaanits et al 1982;LAA, 1977;Michelbertas 2001;Lang 2007b;ducmane, Ozolina 2009;Oras 2009;Bliujienė 2010;Tvauri 2012), the current study is based on 69 deposits altogether. It is also worth pointing out that the majority of the deposits discussed below are chronologically from the Middle Iron Age (fifth to ninth century AD).…”

Section: We a L T H D E P O S I T S A S A R C H A E O L O G I C A L Smentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Such items are very rare in the contemporary burial goods or any other archaeological sites in the central and southern part of Estonia (see e.g. Aun 1992;Lang 2007a;Tvauri 2012). Looking at the geographical distribution, it becomes clear that all these finds are located in central-south Estonia, mostly in the area surrounding the River Emajõgi, which is the largest water-route in the country.…”

Section: E S T O N I Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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East Baltic Middle Iron Age Wealth Deposits in Burial Areas: An Example of Regional Cultural Practice

Oras¹

2013

Archaeologia Baltica

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This article provides an example of how variable the uses of and practices in prehistoric burial monuments can be. The concept of 'wealth deposits' is introduced, which arguably helps to define the variety of intentionally concealed artefact deposits as a whole. An emphasis is put on deposits in burial areas. It is shown that the depositional practices in burial areas vary considerably in the three Baltic countries, and we can definitely talk about small-scale regional practices, not universal and unitarily interpreted cultural phenomena. Special attention is paid to Estonian Middle Iron Age material. An overview of possible interpretations based on purely archaeological reasoning, as well as parallels from written sources, is provided.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: We a L T H D E P O S I T S A S A R C H A E O L O G I C A L Smentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: E S T O N I Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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East Baltic Middle Iron Age Wealth Deposits in Burial Areas: An Example of Regional Cultural Practice

Oras¹

2013

Archaeologia Baltica

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“…In order to create convincing pictures, they conducted research in various archives and visited museums and even archaeological excavation sites (Alla 2015b). As a consequence, they fixed as the era of the Kalevipoeg the sixth and seventh centuries, the so called Pre-Viking Age in Estonian history (see Tvauri 2012). Such relatively exact datings have previously been avoided.…”

Section: Quotations Adaptations and Intertextual Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kalevipoeg Studies: The Creation and Reception of an Epic

Hasselblatt¹

2016

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“…At the beginning of the Middle Iron Age (450-800 AD), burial sites, for example stone graves without a formal structure, like Maidla I, Lihula and Ehmja 'Varetemägi' , appear in Läänemaa, west Estonia; in these graves cremations as well inhumations have been found [39,48]. Like underground cremation burial, the stone grave without a formal structure was the most common grave type during the Late Iron Age (800-1200 AD) in west Estonia [39,35,48]. In south-eastern and eastern Estonia, sand barrows with cremation burials appeared at the beginning of the Middle Iron Age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic data and fi gures derived from Estonian Iron Age graves

Allmäe¹

2018

PoA

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Three Iron Age cremation graves from south-eastern Estonia and four graves including cremations as well inhumations from western Estonia were analysed by osteological and palaeodemographic methods in order to estimate the age and sex composition of burial sites, and to propose some possible demographic figures and models for living communities. The crude birth/death rate estimated on the basis of juvenility indices varied between 55.1‰ and 60.0‰ (58.5‰ on average) at Rõsna village in south-eastern Estonia in the Middle Iron Age. The birth/death rates based on juvenility indices for south eastern graves varied to a greater degree. The estimated crude birth/death rate was somewhat lower (38.9‰) at Maidla in the Late Iron Age and extremely high (92.1‰) at Maidla in the Middle Iron Age, which indicates an unsustainable community. High crude birth/death rates are also characteristic of Poanse tarand graves from the Pre-Roman Iron Age – 92.3‰ for the 1st grave and 69.6‰for the 2nd grave. Expectedly, newborn life expectancies are extremely low in both communities – 10.8 years at Poanse I and 14.4 years at Poanse II. Most likely, both Maidla I and Poanse I were unsustainable communities. According to the main model where the given period of grave usage is 150 years, the burial grounds were most likely exploited by communities of 3–14 people. In most cases, this corresponds to one family or household. In comparison with other graves, Maidla II stone grave in western Estonia and Rõsna-Saare I barrow cemetery in south-eastern Estonia could have been used by a somewhat larger community, which may mean an extended family, a larger household or usage by two nuclear families.

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The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia

Cited by 32 publications

References 19 publications

East Baltic Middle Iron Age Wealth Deposits in Burial Areas: An Example of Regional Cultural Practice

East Baltic Middle Iron Age Wealth Deposits in Burial Areas: An Example of Regional Cultural Practice

Kalevipoeg Studies: The Creation and Reception of an Epic

Demographic data and fi gures derived from Estonian Iron Age graves

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