The minor flavonoids

Bohm, Bruce A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2913-6_9

Cited by 24 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 253 publications

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“…This goal can be achieved by classical breeding if natural resources of high diversity are available. In the last century, classical breeding methods were applied to create ornamental plants with a vast diversity of flower colors based on profiles of anthocyanins with a range of flavonoid co-pigments (e.g., [269]), of aurones and chalcones [56,270]. The driving force for research on flavonoids and in particular on anthocyanins may have been their brilliance as flower pigments in ornamentals.…”

Section: Managing Phenol Contents By Plant Breeding and Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Phenol Contents in Crop Plants by Phytochemical Farming and Breeding—Visions and Constraints

Treutter

2010

IJMS

188

135

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Two main fields of interest form the background of actual demand for optimized levels of phenolic compounds in crop plants. These are human health and plant resistance to pathogens and to biotic and abiotic stress factors. A survey of agricultural technologies influencing the biosynthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds in crop plants is presented, including observations on the effects of light, temperature, mineral nutrition, water management, grafting, elevated atmospheric CO2, growth and differentiation of the plant and application of elicitors, stimulating agents and plant activators. The underlying mechanisms are discussed with respect to carbohydrate availability, trade-offs to competing demands as well as to regulatory elements. Outlines are given for genetic engineering and plant breeding. Constraints and possible physiological feedbacks are considered for successful and sustainable application of agricultural techniques with respect to management of plant phenol profiles and concentrations.

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Section: Managing Phenol Contents By Plant Breeding and Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Phenol Contents in Crop Plants by Phytochemical Farming and Breeding—Visions and Constraints

Treutter

2010

IJMS

188

135

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“…Nowadays they are regarded as a biochemically-related but separate group because their chemical structure cannot be derived from the typical flavan structure. Hence, ring numbering in chalcones and flavonoids is divergent and position 3 of chalcones corresponds to position 3′ of flavonoids and aurones [5] (Figure 1). …”

Section: Flavonoids: Structures and Physiological Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Creation and Physiological Relevance of Divergent Hydroxylation Patterns in the Flavonoid Pathway

Halbwirth

2010

IJMS

116

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Flavonoids and biochemically-related chalcones are important secondary metabolites, which are ubiquitously present in plants and therefore also in human food. They fulfill a broad range of physiological functions in planta and there are numerous reports about their physiological relevance for humans. Flavonoids have in common a basic C6-C3-C6 skeleton structure consisting of two aromatic rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C) containing one oxygen atom, whereas chalcones, as the intermediates in the formation of flavonoids, have not yet established the heterocyclic C-ring. Flavonoids are grouped into eight different classes, according to the oxidative status of the C-ring. The large number of divergent chalcones and flavonoid structures is from the extensive modification of the basic molecules. The hydroxylation pattern influences physiological properties such as light absorption and antioxidative activity, which is the base for many beneficial health effects of flavonoids. In some cases antiinfective properties are also effected.

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“…The higher colour contrast of aurones-chalcones in flowers could lead to a higher attraction for bees, flies and butterflies and, consequently, represent a selective advantage for this group of pigments over carotenoids. Nevertheless, the occurrence of aurones-chalcones in flowers is anecdotic in comparison with carotenoids, being found in certain lineages of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Plantaginaceae, Oxalidaceae, Gesneriaceae, Rosaceae, and Hamamelidaceae (Bohm, 1988;Iwashina, 2015;Boucherle et al, 2017). The biosynthesis of aurones requires complex enzymatic machinery, particularly the enzyme aurone synthase, with an unusual polyphenol oxidase activity (Molitor et al, 2016;Boucherle et al, 2017), which would explain the rarity of aurones in flowers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Flower Pigments Originate Different Colour Signals to Pollinators

et al. 2021

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Flower colour is mainly due to the presence and type of pigments. Pollinator preferences impose selection on flower colour that ultimately acts on flower pigments. Knowing how pollinators perceive flowers with different pigments becomes crucial for a comprehensive understanding of plant-pollinator communication and flower colour evolution. Based on colour space models, we studied whether main groups of pollinators, specifically hymenopterans, dipterans, lepidopterans and birds, differentially perceive flower colours generated by major pigment groups. We obtain reflectance data and conspicuousness to pollinators of flowers containing one of the pigment groups more frequent in flowers: chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids. Flavonoids were subsequently classified in UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones and the anthocyanins cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, and malvidin derivatives. We found that flower colour loci of chlorophylls, carotenoids, UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones, and anthocyanins occupied different regions of the colour space models of these pollinators. The four groups of anthocyanins produced a unique cluster of colour loci. Interestingly, differences in colour conspicuousness among the pigment groups were almost similar in the bee, fly, butterfly, and bird visual space models. Aurones-chalcones showed the highest chromatic contrast values, carotenoids displayed intermediate values, and chlorophylls, UV-absorbing flavonoids and anthocyanins presented the lowest values. In the visual model of bees, flowers with UV-absorbing flavonoids (i.e., white flowers) generated the highest achromatic contrasts. Ours findings suggest that in spite of the almost omnipresence of floral anthocyanins in angiosperms, carotenoids and aurones-chalcones generates higher colour conspicuousness for main functional groups of pollinators.

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The minor flavonoids

Cited by 24 publications

References 253 publications

Managing Phenol Contents in Crop Plants by Phytochemical Farming and Breeding—Visions and Constraints

Managing Phenol Contents in Crop Plants by Phytochemical Farming and Breeding—Visions and Constraints

The Creation and Physiological Relevance of Divergent Hydroxylation Patterns in the Flavonoid Pathway

Major Flower Pigments Originate Different Colour Signals to Pollinators

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