The mirror reflects more for genial than for casual: right-asymmetry bias on the visual word recognition of words containing non-reversal letters

Literacy effects on artificial grammar learning (AGL) with letters and colors: evidence from preschool and primary school children

“…Indeed, in those languages, the correct recognition of words containing reversed letters, such as the European Portuguese words bom 'good' and dom 'gift', requires the visual word recognition system to treat 'b' and 'd' not as mirror images of the same 'object', but rather as different orthographic representations (see Soares, Lages et al, 2019, for a further discussion). Therefore, a skillful reading in alphabetic languages requires the visual word recognition system to actively suppress the mirror-generalization mechanism, which seems to be automatically activated to word recognition (as it is for object/face recognition), even though recent evidence suggests that this mechanism cannot be completely deactivated, as a mirror-letter reading cost is observed not only in non-expert readers (developing readers) but also in adult skilled readers (e.g., Duñabeitia et al, 2011Duñabeitia et al, , 2013Fernandes et al, 2016;Perea et al, 2011;Soares, Lages et al, 2019; see also Soares, Lages et al, 2021, for recent evidence with non-reversal letters).…”

As trials go by: Effects of 2-AFC item repetition on statistical learning performance.

“…The analyses were conducted in the R software (R Core Team, 2021) using both analysis of variance (ANOVAs) and generalized linear mixed-effects models (glmm) with logistic link function and binomial variance. The first allowed us to test the hypotheses under study by directly controlling both the variability across participants and items at once, hence overcoming the drawbacks of the classical ANOVAs, namely in what refers to the need to conduct separate by-subject ( F 1 ) and by-item ( F 2 ) analyses (see Baayen et al, 2008; Judd et al, 2017; see also Soares, Lages, Oliveira, et al, 2019; Soares, Velho, & Oliveira, 2020; Soares, Lages, Velho, et al, 2021, for recent examples). In addition, the glmm allowed us to further estimate the impact of item repetition on SL performance each time an item was repeated (i.e., in each block), considering the variables under study as linear predictors containing random effects in addition to the usual fixed effects.…”

On the role of syllabic neighbourhood density in the syllable structure effect in European Portuguese

“…Two-hundred and eighty-eight pseudowords were created as primes and assigned to each of three experimental conditions: (i) syllable-congruent condition (i.e., prime and target shared the first three letters and the syllable boundary e.g., ju.ral-JU.ROS, tur.ta-TUR.BO); (ii) syllable-incongruent condition (i.e., prime and target share the first three letters but not the syllable boundarye.g., jur.ga-JU.ROS, tu.res-TUR.BO); and (iii) unrelated condition (i.e., prime and target do not share either the first syllable or the same letters -e.g., po.car-JU.ROS and bin.va-TUR.BO). Additionally, a set of 96 pseudowords targets and a set of 288 pseudowords primes, following the same manipulation as the word targets, were created for the purposes of the lexical decision task, by replacing one or two letters in the medial positions of words with similar characteristics to those used in the experiment (e.g., for instance, the pseudoword VERVE was created by replacing the <m > in the EP word verme [maggot] with a <v>) following common practices in the literature (e.g., Perea et al, 2013;Soares et al, 2018Soares et al, , 2019aSoares et al, ,b, 2020Sze et al, 2014;Yap et al, 2010;Soares et al, 2021). These stimuli were distributed across three lists to counterbalance targets across the three prime conditions.…”