The Mirror Sign: A Reflection of Cognitive Decline?

Mulcare, J. Loretta; Nicolson, Stephen E.; Bisen, Viwek; Sostre, Samuel O.

doi:10.1016/j.psym.2011.06.007

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Researchers have documented delusions of mirrored-self misidentification (MSM, which is grouped under the umbrella of delusional misidentification syndromes , DMS; Roane et al., 2019) in neuropsychological studies of patients affected with dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (Ajuriaguerra et al., 1963; Breen et al., 2001; Mulcare et al., 2012). Patients with MSM, when looking into a mirror, believe that the persons they see in the mirror are strangers they can interact with, explaining that the stranger is an impostor or a duplicate of known persons (Mulcare et al., 2012). Some patients retain a capacity to self-recognize in photos (Villarejo et al., 2011) and to recognize their own body, if the mirror does not reflect their face (Van den Stock et al., 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this section we briefly survey studies related to neuropsychology and psychopathology beyond studies reviewed previously on state and trait dissociation and schizotypy in healthy populations. Researchers have documented delusions of mirrored-self misidentification (MSM, which is grouped under the umbrella of delusional misidentification syndromes, DMS; Roane et al, 2019) in neuropsychological studies of patients affected with dementia or Alzheimer's disease (Ajuriaguerra et al, 1963;Breen et al, 2001;Mulcare et al, 2012). Patients with MSM, when looking into a mirror, believe that the persons they see in the mirror are strangers they can interact with, explaining that the stranger is an impostor or a duplicate of known persons (Mulcare et al, 2012).…”

Section: Hypothesized Neuroscientific Aspects Of Aes In Mirror-and Eye-gazingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

Caputo

Lynn

Houran

2020

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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We critically reviewed the protocols, results, and potential implications from empirical studies ( n = 44) on mirror-gazing (including the “psychomanteum”) and eye-to-eye gazing, both in healthy individuals and clinical patients, including studies of hypnotic mirrored self-misidentification, mirror-gazing in body dysmorphic disorder and schizophrenia. We found these methods to be effective for eliciting altered states or anomalous experiences under controlled conditions and in non-clinical samples. Mirror-gazing and eye-to-eye-gazing produced anomalous experiences almost exclusively in the visual, bodily, and self-identity modalities, whereas psychomanteum experiences tended also to involve voices, smells, and bodily touches. The complexity, diversity, and specificity in contents across these anomalous experiences suggest mechanisms beyond perceptual distortions or illusions. We argue that mirror- and eye-gazing anomalous perceptions implicate different mechanisms that induce (i) Derealization (anomalous perceptions of external reality); (ii) Depersonalization (anomalous perceptions of the body), and (iii) Dissociated identity (anomalous perceptions of another identity in place of the self in mirror-gazing or in place of the other in eye-to-eye gazing). These interpretations suggest directions for future researches.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothesized Neuroscientific Aspects Of Aes In Mirror-and Eye-gazingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

Caputo

Lynn

Houran

2020

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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“…This disorder is rare, and there are only a few cases in the existing literature. It is not agreed upon yet what the naming of this disorder is, but it tends to be referred to as mirror sign or Capgras for the self [109][110][111][112][113][114].…”

Section: Patient Data: Delusional Misidentification Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

The Neurological Asymmetry of Self-Face Recognition

et al. 2021

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While the desire to uncover the neural correlates of consciousness has taken numerous directions, self-face recognition has been a constant in attempts to isolate aspects of self-awareness. The neuroimaging revolution of the 1990s brought about systematic attempts to isolate the underlying neural basis of self-face recognition. These studies, including some of the first fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) examinations, revealed a right-hemisphere bias for self-face recognition in a diverse set of regions including the insula, the dorsal frontal lobe, the temporal parietal junction, and the medial temporal cortex. In this systematic review, we provide confirmation of these data (which are correlational) which were provided by TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) and patients in which direct inhibition or ablation of right-hemisphere regions leads to a disruption or absence of self-face recognition. These data are consistent with a number of theories including a right-hemisphere dominance for self-awareness and/or a right-hemisphere specialization for identifying significant social relationships, including to oneself.

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“…Mirrored-self misidentification (MSD) is a monothematic delusion characterized by the inability to recognize one's own reflected image in the mirror. 1,2 As is this case, patients with MSD are in general capable of recognizing others in the mirror. 2 Although more common in individuals with severe dementia, persons with mild to moderate dementia can also manifest MSD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…2 Although more common in individuals with severe dementia, persons with mild to moderate dementia can also manifest MSD. 1,2 MSD is associated with failure of face-selective activity in the right occipitotemporal cortex, probably causing impaired mapping of perceived face on the stored memory representation. 3 Coexistence of dorsal prefrontal hypometabolism can explain failure of adequate interpretation of the individual problem of loss of self-face memory, culminating in MSD.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mirrored-Self Misidentification in a Patient With Probable Alzheimer Dementia

2021

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A 77-year-old-man who was a retired primary school teacher with probable Alzheimer dementia diagnosed after 2 years of progressive short-term memory loss and predominant hippocampal atrophy on magnetic resonance scan of the brain was brought to the outpatient neurology clinic by his wife because of persistent abnormal behavior. The caretaker reported that he was frequently puzzled and astonished by his own mirror image. His medical history was remarkable for controlled hypertension and type 2 diabetes. He did not have any personal or family history of psychiatric disease. There were no recent changes with the patient's regular medications (rivastigmine, 9.5 mg daily transdermally; enalapril; and metformin). His wife described him as being a very quiet and relaxed person until the start of restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, when he started with complaints of seeing a strange man whenever he saw his face reflection in the mirror. The patient's symptoms got much worse during the lockdown phase, with anxiety and irritability when confronting his own image in the mirror, often questioning who is this man? What is he doing in my house?When brought to face a mirror during the consultation, he confirmed the presence of the stranger in the mirror (Video 1). Although able to recognize others, he was unable to identify his face in the mirror (Video 2). On the Mini-Mental State Examination, he scored 20 of 30 points: orientation (−1 point), registration (−3 points), recall (−3 points), and attention and serial sevens (−3 points). Findings from an electroencephalogram, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and metabolic panel were unremarkable. Bedtime queti-

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The Mirror Sign: A Reflection of Cognitive Decline?

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

The Neurological Asymmetry of Self-Face Recognition

Mirrored-Self Misidentification in a Patient With Probable Alzheimer Dementia

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