The mitochondrial genome on its way to the nucleus: different stages of gene transfer in higher plants

Brennicke, Axel; Grohmann, Lutz; Hiesel, Rudolf; Knoop, Volker; Schuster, W.

doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81430-8

Cited by 148 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…We have experimentally shown that this long presequence cannot be replaced by another mitochondrial targeting signal in soybean (16). Thus, in addition to the usual requirements for gene transfer (31), Cox2 in legumes requires a unique tripartite mitochondrial targeting signal that is cleaved in a process unique to legumes (16). In this study, we show that cox2 gene transfer in legumes requires an additional step, involving a reduction in local hydrophobicity of the first transmembrane region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Intracellular gene transfer: Reduced hydrophobicity facilitates gene transfer for subunit 2 of cytochromecoxidase

Daley

Clifton

Whelan

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Subunit 2 of cytochrome c oxidase (Cox2) in legumes offers a rare opportunity to investigate factors necessary for successful gene transfer of a hydrophobic protein that is usually mitochondrialencoded. We found that changes in local hydrophobicity were necessary to allow import of this nuclear-encoded protein into mitochondria. All legume species containing both a mitochondrial and nuclear encoded Cox2 displayed a similar pattern, with a large decrease in hydrophobicity evident in the first transmembrane region of the nuclear encoded protein compared with the organelle-encoded protein. Mitochondrial-encoded Cox2 could not be imported into mitochondria under the direction of the mitochondrial targeting sequence that readily supports the import of nuclear encoded Cox2. Removal of the first transmembrane region promotes import ability of the mitochondrial-encoded Cox2. Changing just two amino acids in the first transmembrane region of mitochondrial-encoded Cox2 to the corresponding amino acids in the nuclear encoded Cox2 also promotes import ability, whereas changing the same two amino acids in the nuclear encoded Cox2 to what they are in the mitochondrial-encoded copy prevents import. Therefore, changes in amino acids in the mature protein were necessary and sufficient for gene transfer to allow import under the direction of an appropriate signal to achieve the functional topology of Cox2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Intracellular gene transfer: Reduced hydrophobicity facilitates gene transfer for subunit 2 of cytochromecoxidase

Daley

Clifton

Whelan

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Evolutionary Considerations-The transfer of cox2 genes from the mitochondria to the nucleus in the Chlamydomonad algae satisfies many of the criteria proposed by Brennicke et al (41) and Claros et al (42) for this event: acquisition of a region encoding a mitochondrial-targeting sequence (at least for cox2a), altered codon usage, acquisition of a polyadenylation signal, and diminished ϽHϾ and mesoH of the protein products. In addition, any mitochondrial cox2 genes that presumably existed have been eliminated, suggesting that this transfer occurred early in evolution.…”

Section: Cox II Is Encoded By Two Distinct Nuclear Genes In Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Subunit II of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Chlamydomonad Algae Is a Heterodimer Encoded by Two Independent Nuclear Genes

Pérez-Martı́nez

Antaramián

Vázquez-Acevedo

et al. 2001

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The mitochondrial genomes of Chlamydomonad algae lack the cox2 gene that encodes the essential subunit COX II of cytochrome c oxidase. COX II is normally a single polypeptide encoded by a single mitochondrial gene. In this work we cloned two nuclear genes encoding COX II from both Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Polytomella sp. The cox2a gene encodes a protein, COX IIA, corresponding to the N-terminal portion of subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase, and the cox2b gene encodes COX IIB, corresponding to the C-terminal region. The cox2a and cox2b genes are located in the nucleus and are independently transcribed into mRNAs that are translated into separate polypeptides. These two proteins assemble with other cytochrome c oxidase subunits in the inner mitochondrial membrane to form the mature multi-subunit complex. We propose that during the evolution of the Chlorophyte algae, the cox2 gene was divided into two mitochondrial genes that were subsequently transferred to the nucleus. This event was evolutionarily distinct from the transfer of an intact cox2 gene to the nucleus in some members the Leguminosae plant family.

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“…Since the first demonstration of organellar sequence embedded in nuclear DNA [9], numts have been described in several mammalian species, as well as over 70 other eukaryotes [10][11][12]. The varying level of homology between these sequences and the present-day mitochondrial genome, as well as population and family polymorphisms, indicates that the nuclear transfer of mtDNA is an ongoing process [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Bottlenecks as a Potential Major Shaping Force of Human Genome Architecture

Gherman¹,

Chen²,

Teslovich³

et al. 2005

PLoS Genet

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The modern synthetic view of human evolution proposes that the fixation of novel mutations is driven by the balance among selective advantage, selective disadvantage, and genetic drift. When considering the global architecture of the human genome, the same model can be applied to understanding the rapid acquisition and proliferation of exogenous DNA. To explore the evolutionary forces that might have morphed human genome architecture, we investigated the origin, composition, and functional potential of numts (nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes), partial copies of the mitochondrial genome found abundantly in chromosomal DNA. Our data indicate that these elements are unlikely to be advantageous, since they possess no gross positional, transcriptional, or translational features that might indicate beneficial functionality subsequent to integration. Using sequence analysis and fossil dating, we also show a probable burst of integration of numts in the primate lineage that centers on the prosimian-anthropoid split, mimics closely the temporal distribution of Alu and processed pseudogene acquisition, and coincides with the major climatic change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. We therefore propose a model according to which the gross architecture and repeat distribution of the human genome can be largely accounted for by a population bottleneck early in the anthropoid lineage and subsequent effectively neutral fixation of repetitive DNA, rather than positive selection or unusual insertion pressures.Citation: Gherman A, Chen PE, Teslovich TM, Stankiewicz P, Withers M, et al. (2007) Population bottlenecks as a potential major shaping force of human genome architecture. PLoS Genet 3(7): e119.

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The mitochondrial genome on its way to the nucleus: different stages of gene transfer in higher plants

Cited by 148 publications

References 36 publications

Intracellular gene transfer: Reduced hydrophobicity facilitates gene transfer for subunit 2 of cytochromecoxidase

Intracellular gene transfer: Reduced hydrophobicity facilitates gene transfer for subunit 2 of cytochromecoxidase

Subunit II of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Chlamydomonad Algae Is a Heterodimer Encoded by Two Independent Nuclear Genes

Population Bottlenecks as a Potential Major Shaping Force of Human Genome Architecture

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