The mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm in a lab setting

Merz, Emily C.; McDonough, Laraine; Huang, Yong; Foss, Sophie; Werner, Elizabeth; Monk, Catherine

doi:10.1002/dev.21520

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Descriptive statistics for the Bayley-III and mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm are presented in Table 2 . The infants in this study demonstrated typical patterns of learning and memory performance on the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm (see also [ 40 ]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Learning and Memory At 4-months postpartum, mothers brought their infants to the lab on two consecutive days for participation in the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm [ 31 , 40 ] ( S1 Text ). After placing infants in a specially set up crib, each videotaped 15-min session began with a 3-min non-reinforcement phase (baseline), followed by a 9-min reinforcement phase (three 3-min learning blocks), and a final 3-min non-reinforcement phase (immediate retention).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inter-rater reliability was high (Spearman rank correlation = 0.95; range: 0.88–0.99). Ratio scores were calculated by dividing the mean kick rate during each learning and retention block by the mean kick rate during Day 1 baseline [ 40 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neonatal brain metabolite concentrations: Associations with age, sex, and developmental outcomes

et al. 2020

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Age and sex differences in brain metabolite concentrations in early life are not well understood. We examined the associations of age and sex with brain metabolite levels in healthy neonates, and investigated the associations between neonatal brain metabolite concentrations and developmental outcomes. Forty-one infants (36–42 gestational weeks at birth; 39% female) of predominantly Hispanic/Latina mothers (mean 18 years of age) underwent MRI scanning approximately two weeks after birth. Multiplanar chemical shift imaging was used to obtain voxel-wise maps of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine, and choline concentrations across the brain. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, a measure of cognitive, language, and motor skills, and mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm, a measure of learning and memory, were administered at 4 months of age. Findings indicated that postmenstrual age correlated positively with NAA concentrations in multiple subcortical and white matter regions. Creatine and choline concentrations showed similar but less pronounced age related increases. Females compared with males had higher metabolite levels in white matter and subcortical gray matter. Neonatal NAA concentrations were positively associated with learning and negatively associated with memory at 4 months. Age-related increases in NAA, creatine, and choline suggest rapid development of neuronal viability, cellular energy metabolism, and cell membrane turnover, respectively, during early life. Females may undergo earlier and more rapid regional developmental increases in the density of viable neurons compared to males.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neonatal brain metabolite concentrations: Associations with age, sex, and developmental outcomes

et al. 2020

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“…See Cuevas, Learmonth, & Rovee-Collier (2016) for a recent study of extinction conducted in the home. Fortunately, there is empirical evidence that home versus lab sessions yield comparable data (Merz et al, 2017). Control of time between sessions may be more easily accomplished if sessions are conducted at home.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…See Cuevas, Learmonth, and Rovee-Collier (2016) for a recent study of extinction conducted in the home. Fortunately, there is empirical evidence that home versus lab sessions yield comparable data (Merz et al, 2017).…”

Section: Number Of Expressionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anger, sad, and blended expressions to contingency disruption in young infants

Sullivan

2018

Developmental Psychobiology

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Three studies elicited young infants' (aged 17-23 weeks) anger and sad facial expressions during brief contingency disruptions to explore their potential organization over time as a biphasic process. Study 1 examined partial correlations among anger, sad, blended anger/sad, and neutral expressions during extinction in three extant, independently recruited samples. Across samples, all three negative expressions were inversely related to neutral expressions, but anger and sad expressions were not significantly correlated when anger/sad blends were controlled. Study 2 compared expressions during contingency and disruption minutes in two groups: one in which the disruption was an extinction phase (the absence of the formerly contingent event), or one in which the disruption was noncontingent presentations of the stimuli. Study 3 examined expression trajectories over time in two contingency and extinction sessions. Independent trajectories of anger and sad expressions occurred over time in Studies 2 and 3. Extinction and noncontingency differed in sad expression. The relation between expressions and blends also varied over time.

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Application of synchronous music reinforcement to increase walking speed: A novel approach for training intensity

Pinkston,

Cook,

Baruni

et al. 2024

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Walking is a common and preferred form of exercise. Although there are current recommendations for walking volume (e.g., steps per day), recent research has begun to distinguish volume from intensity (e.g., “brisk” walking) as an important dimension of exercise. Increasing intensity may confer health advantages beyond volume measures because it shifts cardiovascular performance to more vigorous training zones. Reinforcement‐based approaches have been valuable in increasing volume measures of exercise, and the present study sought to develop a corresponding reinforcement approach to training walking intensity. For this study, we used a continuous reinforcement paradigm where music played only while walking met specified criteria; otherwise, music playback stopped. As a result, music was synchronized with walking performance. Seventeen participants walked on a nonmotorized treadmill at a self‐selected pace. Across the session, different conditions arranged for music to play independent of walking speed or contingent on speed increases or decreases. An extinction component assessed performance when music was withdrawn completely. Walking speed was selectively increased and decreased by adjusting the contingencies that were arranged for music, and variability in speed increased during extinction, with both findings indicating that music was a reinforcer. Heart rate was also increased to moderate–vigorous intensities during reinforcement. The findings provide a compelling case that walking intensity can be modified by music reinforcement. We suggest that synchronous schedules may be an important foundation for future exercise technologies that are based on reinforcement.

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The mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm in a lab setting

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Neonatal brain metabolite concentrations: Associations with age, sex, and developmental outcomes

Neonatal brain metabolite concentrations: Associations with age, sex, and developmental outcomes

Anger, sad, and blended expressions to contingency disruption in young infants

Application of synchronous music reinforcement to increase walking speed: A novel approach for training intensity

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