The Mode of Operation of Antiredeposition Agents in Detergent Solutions

Stillo, H. S.; Kolat, R.S.

doi:10.1177/004051755702701206

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Electrokinetsc Effect Stillo and Kolat [ 57 ] postulated that ionogenic additives such as NaCMC function primarily by increasing the electrokinetic repulsive force as a result of being adsorbed on soil and/or fiber. Nonionogenic additives such as PVP were assumed to function through adsorption on the substrates, but to lower the nonelectrical attractive forces or increase the nonelectrical repulsive forces.…”

Section: _ 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Repulsive forces may be of the electrical double layer interaction type, and a re4-tively very short range type may also be adive. Repulsive forces due to nonelectric interaction of the surface adsorption layers of particles are also possible [11,57 ] . Attractive forca are mechanical entrapment, electrostatic, and aorptive in character The latter are said to be particularly important, as these London-van der Waals' forces are universally active [ 11, 57 J. , The characteristics of a soil-fiber system (certainly with chopped fiber ) may be considered as largely colloidal in view of the relative particle sizes and the large irregularities and areas of the surfaaa involved.…”

Section: Forees I Wvolvedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attractive forca are mechanical entrapment, electrostatic, and aorptive in character The latter are said to be particularly important, as these London-van der Waals' forces are universally active [ 11, 57 J. , The characteristics of a soil-fiber system (certainly with chopped fiber ) may be considered as largely colloidal in view of the relative particle sizes and the large irregularities and areas of the surfaaa involved. With this basic understanding, soil redeposition may be considered as equivalent to c0-agulation of a colloidal dispersion, and colloid stability theory may apply (57].. During laundering, two mechanisms are said to be in operation [ 10] : (1) distribution of suspended soil between the liquor adhering to or interpenetrating the fabric and the remainder of the detergent bath and (2) attachment of soil particles to the fiba surfaces. In the first mechanism, surfactants are said to do little to reduce redeposition, because it is necessary to establish equivalent ooncentratio4 eradients in colloidal systems.…”

Section: Forees I Wvolvedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anions, because of their higher polarizability and lower hydration, are more readily adsorbed than &dquo; cations. This is particularly true of OH ions, due to the formation of hydrogen bonds which are strong dipole interactions, as well as to the unsymmetrical structure of the ion [ 57 ] . , A suggestion that a complete monolayer of adsorbed surfactant is necessary to give a stable soil dispersion apparently is untrue.…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Suspending action is attributed in part to the electrostatic repulsion of the particles on which adsorbed ionized surfactants are present and to the nature of the exposed surfaces, particularly in higher concentrations of the surfactants and in all concentrations of nonionizing surfactants [76]. Adsorption of both ionizing and nonionizing redeposition preventives on soil and/or substrate is indicated as at least one factor involved in their effectiveness [ 57] . Borrowing from nonaqueous media involving carbon as the suspendate, molecules of surfactant adsorbed by the carbon have been found to prevent these particles from approaching to such short distances as to enter each other's sphere of attraction [65 ] .…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suspending Action by Detergents in the Presence of Substrate

Harris

1959

Textile Research Journal

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E VEN IF a selected cleaning system were comprised of single-component soil, substrate, and detergent solution, and all were essentially pure, the system it. far from &dquo;simple.&dquo; Interactions between substrate and soil, substrate and detergent solution, soil and detergent solution, and of the three phases [36,77] occur, and are difficult to measure. It is understandable why many investigators have attempter measurements in the absence of substrate, but lacking substrate the system is incomplete, and for such a dynamic system as a cleansing operation leaves much to be desired. The present discussion is concerned more with the mechanisms involved in maintaining soil in suspension (preventing deposition or redeposition) in detergent solutions than in soil removal from the substrate.Soil-Detergent Solution Systema Previous discussion of suspending action by detergent solutions has related the ability of detergent systems to prevent the sedimentation of soil particles. Reich [46] ] rightly distinguishes between specific sedimentation (or suspending value), which has relatively little to do with soil redeposition on a substrate; protective action, which prevents particles from adhering to the substrate; and an actual dispersion or redeposition preventive mechanism, operative in dynamic systems where the soil is deflocculated and the particles have lowercd mutual at-' traction. However, it seems certain that even though previous investigators have indirectly utilised the sedimentation technique, this has not been in a specific sense, but as a relative measure of differences in a static (versus a dynamic ) system. Preferential sorption of ions of the suspending agent increases the particle charge or zeta potential, resulting in deflocculation of aggregates of primary particles. This deflocculating effect may be of relatively lesser importance when compared with the mechanical forces involved in the cleaning operation [46], but nevertheless is effective in preventing soil redeposition. '

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Section: _ 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Forees I Wvolvedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Forees I Wvolvedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suspending Action by Detergents in the Presence of Substrate

Harris

1959

Textile Research Journal

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Influence of additives on the properties of surfactant solutions

Biswas¹,

Mukherji²

1960

J. Appl. Chem.

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73(4) A marked decrease in the rates of all these reactions is observed as the carbon chain became longer (from 6 to 10 carbon atoms). This is postulated to be due to steric hindrance.(5) The rate of the initial reaction between the olefin and the acid to form the monoalkyl sulphate exhibits a dependence upon the speed of stirring indicating that this reaction was at some stage heterogeneous.(6) On the basis of these results it is possible to select conditions for the accurate measurement of the heat evolved during the formation of a monoalkyl sulphate from an a-olefin and aqueous sulphuric acid. The conditions are selected on the basis of a maximum yield of monoalkyl sulphate coupled with a convenient rate of reaction. Hexene-1 appeared to be the most suitable olefin for the purpose: higher molecular weight members when reacted with 79.57% acid reached not only a lower maximum yield of monoalkyl sulphate, but also had inconveniently slow rates of reaction. The conditions shown in Table I (j) were finally selected as being the most suitable for two reasons: (1) under these conditions the maximum percentage yields of monoalkyl sulphate were achieved; (2) these conditions enabled an ice-calorimeter to be used, for by this technique the effect of the consecutive hydrolysis reaction could be estimated.l and the Dept. of Physical Chemistry in this University for helpful advice.Surface tension, interfacial tension and wetting, emdsifying, foaming, and suspension characteristics of ionic and non-ionic surfactant solutions have been determined and evaluated in absence, and in presence, of electrolytes and non-ionogenic additives. Considerable insight has been gained about the factors governing the surface and bulk properties of surfactant solutions and as regards how these are influenced by additives.

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Mechanism for the anti‐redeposition action of sodium carboxy‐methyl cellulose with cotton. I. Radiotracer studies

Evans

1967

J. Appl. Chem.

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The adsorption of a l4C-labe1led sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose (SCMC) on to textile fibres and soil particles has been investigated. Attempts have been made to relate the amounts of SCMC adsorbed to its antiredeposition action. The results show that SCMC is only effective as an anti-redeposition agent with fabrics on to which it readily adsorbs from detergent solutions. FabricsThe following fabrics were used: cambric cotton, Kem cotton, cotton poplin, a urea-acrolein resin-treated sample of the poplin, a formaldehyde crosslink sample of the poplin and lightweight nylon. In some of the experiments the fabrics were desized by boiling with a solution containing 0.2 "/, Teepol and 0.2 % sodium tripolyphosphate for 1 hour. SoilsSeveral types of carbon were used as model soils, these were Sterling MT (arithmetic mean particle diameter, d = 4724 A), Sterling FT (d = 1796 A), Sterling S (d = 797 A), Monarch 74 (d = 173 A), and Spheron 6 (d = 250 A), all from Cabot Carbon Co.Aquadag, manufactured by Acheson Colloids Ltd., was used in some of the carbon-soil tests. This is a dispersion of a graphitic material stabilised by ammonia and dextrinous materials.Illite, which was chosen as a typical clay soil, was obtained from Ward's Natural Science Establishment lnc. Other compoundsThe detergents used were sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate-055 (Na-DOBS-055) from Shell Ltd., n-decanol 12 EO from Prices (Brom.) Ltd. and Nonidet P40, a non-ionic detergent manufactured by Shell Ltd. The cotton fluorescer used was Tinopal 4BM from Geigy Ltd.

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The Mode of Operation of Antiredeposition Agents in Detergent Solutions

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Suspending Action by Detergents in the Presence of Substrate

Suspending Action by Detergents in the Presence of Substrate

Influence of additives on the properties of surfactant solutions

Mechanism for the anti‐redeposition action of sodium carboxy‐methyl cellulose with cotton. I. Radiotracer studies

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