The model of fracture development in the faulted folds: The role of folding and faulting

Li, Yong; Hou, Guiting; Hari, K.R.; Neng, Yuan; Lei, Ganglin; Tang, Yula; Zhou, Lu; Sun, Shuai; Zheng, Chunfang

doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.05.025

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Furthermore, folding models that include fault-related stresses show that the fault stresses dominate fracture patterns close to the fault (Y. Li et al, 2018). Therefore, it is unclear if fold-related fracturing would necessarily decrease with distance from the fault, although the fold-related fracturing could widen the damage zone.…”

Section: Influence Of Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric Brittle Deformation at the Pāpaku Fault, Hikurangi Subduction Margin, NZ, IODP Expedition 375

Savage

Shreedharan

Fagereng

et al. 2021

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Quantifying fault damage zones provides a window into stress distribution and rheology around faults. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 372/375 drilled an active thrust splay fault within the Hikurangi subduction margin. The fault, which is hosted in Pleistocene clastic sediments, is surrounded by brittle fractures and faults as well as ductile deformation features. We find that fracture density in the damage zone enveloping the fault is asymmetric, with the hanging wall showing greater overall fracture density and at greater distances from the fault than the footwall. Furthermore, the peak in fracture density occurs within an area of mesoscale folding and localized slip in the hanging wall rather than adjacent to the main fault zone. We attribute the asymmetry in damage to disparate deformation histories between the hanging wall and footwall, greater ductile deformation within the footwall, and/or dynamic stress asymmetry around a propagating rupture. Damage asymmetry is common at shallow depths in subduction zones and influences the mechanical and hydrological properties of the fault, such as channelized fluid flow and fault stability. Finally, we demonstrate that subduction zone faults show similar damage‐displacement scaling as continental faults.

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Section: Influence Of Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric Brittle Deformation at the Pāpaku Fault, Hikurangi Subduction Margin, NZ, IODP Expedition 375

Savage

Shreedharan

Fagereng

et al. 2021

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Figure 16 also shows the development of fault-related fractures close to the bounding fault. These fractures are commonly shear fractures with a type of movement similar to the main fault type, as discussed in previous works, e.g., [1,8,52]. They usually intensively form subparallel to the major fault plane and in their proximity.…”

Section: Linking 2d Kinematic Evolution Models and Small-scale Outcromentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Understanding fracture distributions along surface outcrops of folds can be very useful for mapping them in subsurface areas. This topic has been discussed for a long time, e.g., [4][5][6][7][8]. For example, Jamison [9] noted that the variations of the densities and apertures of fractures in the Canadian Monkshood detachment anticline do not correlate with a particular structural position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Hennings et al [1], the rate of dip change for simple curvatures has a high correlation with the intensity of tectonically produced fractures. Li et al [8] highlighted that the fracturing of faulted folds is controlled by the folding and faulting processes, and that the fracture areas in a fold can be divided into extensional, transitional, and shortening fracture areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the Relationship between Large-Scale Fold Structures and Small-Scale Fracture Patterns: A Case Study from the Oman Mountains

Al-Kindi

2020

Geosciences

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Considering the foreland fold belt of the Salakh Arch in the northern Oman Mountains, predictions made from two-dimensional (2D) restorations and geometrical analyses are tested here to assess the relationship between large-scale folds and small-scale fractures. The Salakh Arch is composed of six anticlines that are interpreted as faulted detachment folds. They have an overall stratigraphy of a 2-km-thick carbonate platform underlain by more than 1.5 km of interbedded sandstone and shale sequences. These sequences are most likely detached on a regionally extensive evaporite horizon. The folding of the Salakh Arch structures most likely occurred during the Neogene Period, and perhaps partly in the early Quaternary Period. This is evident from the thrusting of the Late Neogene Barzaman Formation which was deposited during the Late Neogene Period. Robust outcrop and subsurface fracture data are used to test these predictions. The results from the study indicate that most fractures are related to the orientation of the local structure, with some sets parallel and some sets perpendicular to local hinge lines. Prefolding regional fractures are also widely distributed, and these were mostly formed during the Late Cretaceous Period. Many pre-existing fractures are associated with faults that formed during the Late Cretaceous Period under a NW–SE compression. The local fractures generally have orientations that are consistent with being formed by the flexural slip/flexural flow of fold limbs and tangential longitudinal strains on fold hinges. These structures can be predicted from finite stratal dips, simple curvatures, and three-dimensional (3D) folding restoration maps. The Gaussian curvatures and 3D faulting restoration maps can be used as proxies for fault-related fractures. Local hinge-related fractures may reflect local tangential longitudinal strain during large-scale fold tightening. Fold structures that have formed at an oblique orientation to the regional shortening direction show additional fracture arrays perpendicular to the hinge, indicating weak axial extension. This is presumed to develop as the arcuate thrust belt of Salakh Arch was amplified. The analysis here illustrates the importance of taking a 3D approach, especially for noncylindrical folds. The protocols developed in this study and their results may have general applicability to investigations of fracture patterns in other folds.

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“…The Keshen zone/gas field is located in the footwall of the Kelasu belt, south of the Kelasu fault and north of Baicheng fault, and displays a series of imbricated thrust structures, with pop-up structure and fault-related fold in each imbricate fan. In recent years, many geologists believe that the main hydrocarbon-bearing formations in the folds are likely to be closely related to the location of the neutral surface of the folds, suggesting that folding can significantly influence/control the development and distribution of structural fractures [38][39][40]. Since degree of fold deformation can be reflected by the angle between two limbs of the fold (i.e., interlimb angle) [35], it can be found that there are only two types of folds in the Keshen area, which are gentle fold with interlimb angle within the range of 180°-120°and open fold with interlimb in range of 120°-70°(Figure 1(b)).…”

Section: Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development Characteristics and Quantitative Prediction of Multiperiod Fractures in Superdeep Thrust-Fold Belt

Zhang

Feng

2021

Lithosphere

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For a superdeep imbricated thrust-fold belt in the Kuqa depression of Tarim Basin, NW China, the structural fractures have a great impact on the tight gas reservoir productivity. In this research, structural fractures were characterized from core data and imaging logging data. Numerically, the finite element (FE) method was applied to simulate the 3-D paleotectonic stress field of the key fracture-generating period as well as the present-day stress field in the Keshen gas field. Based on previously developed geomechanical models, we further derived the models of fracture aperture and porosity under the palaeostress field. A fracture permeability model considering fracture filling degree and stress was developed based on the Fracture Seepage Theory. Finally, we obtained a series of calculation models for the present-day fracture aperture and permeability. The predictions based on these models agreed well with actual measurement results, with most of the relative errors less than 20%. The developed 3-D FE geomechanical model and fracture parameter prediction method hold great promise for characterizing fractures in other deep low-permeability reservoirs.

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The model of fracture development in the faulted folds: The role of folding and faulting

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Asymmetric Brittle Deformation at the Pāpaku Fault, Hikurangi Subduction Margin, NZ, IODP Expedition 375

Asymmetric Brittle Deformation at the Pāpaku Fault, Hikurangi Subduction Margin, NZ, IODP Expedition 375

Understanding the Relationship between Large-Scale Fold Structures and Small-Scale Fracture Patterns: A Case Study from the Oman Mountains

Development Characteristics and Quantitative Prediction of Multiperiod Fractures in Superdeep Thrust-Fold Belt

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