The Moderated Mediating Effect of Hope, Self-Efficacy and Resilience in the Relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

As a major life trauma, COVID-19 had negative impacts on psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to test and verify the mediation of resilience, hope and self-efficacy and to analyze the moderating effect of gender and COVID-19 contagion on the association between symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression, and post-traumatic growth among adults during COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted via an online survey with self-administered questionnaires. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, the Resilience Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Comprehensive State Hope Scale were used. A total of 493 (n = 262 female and n = 231 male) participated in the survey (Mage= 33.40 years, SD = 13.41, range = 20 to 60). A multiple mediation model was used to verify the mediating effect of resilience, hope and self-efficacy on the relationship between symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression, and PTG. A moderated mediation model was examined to find and test the moderated effects of gender and COVID-19 contagion on the mediation model. Results showed the indirect effects of anxiety (β = 0.340 (0.120); 95% CI [from 0.128 to 0.587]) and depression (β = 0.222 (0.095); 95% CI [0.048, 0.429]) on PTG trough resilience and hope. Symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression, and self-efficacy were significantly highest in females. Moreover, males and participants with COVID-19 contagion had significantly higher levels of resilience and post-traumatic growth. These findings suggest that hope and resilience, as protective factors, could be an important key to developing an intervention strategy to enhance and improve psychological health during a crisis.

Exploring Radiologists’ Burnout in the COVID-19 Era: A Narrative Review

“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, work-related stress ramped up because of mandatory changes [ 48 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 ]. Several surveys [ 61 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 95 ] conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak in different countries have revealed a sensible impact of it on radiologists’ life in terms of anxiety, fear of spreading the infection, difficulty sourcing PPE, shifts in workload due to an increase in emergency procedures, and feeling that the crisis had affected their family relationships and damaged their own and their colleagues’ professional activity.…”

The Relationship between Anger Expression and Performance Score in Parents and Coaches: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness

“…According to the literature, assertiveness and self-efficacy, as intrapersonal dimensions to cope with environmental demands, represent important social skills which promote an individual’s well-being. Because of these considerations having a high level of self-efficacy, an individual responds more assertively in interacting with others [ 49 , 50 ]. Higher self-efficacy creates a sense of control through beliefs that optimistic outcomes are achievable, resulting in encouraging guides, and support for performance [ 51 ].…”

Hope's relationship with resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…Hope’s ability to predict well-being during times of chronic and extreme duress exemplifies the importance of cultivating resilience factors. Additionally, there is promising evidence that hope has promoted PTG experienced as a result of the stress during the pandemic [ 17 , 36 , 37 ]. Not only has hope promoted positive psychological outcomes, but there is limited evidence that it has also predicted some positive physical outcomes.…”