“…Paternal involvement has been shown to be positively associated with self‐regulatory and executive functioning outcomes that are linked with experience of stress and dysregulation of the HPA axis (Amato & Rivera, 1999; Cabrera et al., 2007; McMunn et al., 2017; Meuwissen & Carlson, 2015; O’Gara & Calzada, 2020). For instance, father involvement in infancy has been associated with children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors (Bernard et al., 2015; McMunn et al., 2017; Schacht et al., 2009) and socioemotional regulation, including measures of attention and inhibition in toddlerhood (Cabrera et al., 2007; Vogel et al., 2006), preschool (Bocknek et al., 2014, 2017; Jaffee et al., 2003), and middle school (Flanders et al., 2010; McDowell et al, 2002), with some studies showing long‐term effects at school age and adolescence (Boyce et al., 2006; Craig et al., 2018; Grossmann et al., 2002). Most of these characteristics have long been associated with ADHD (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016), suggesting that paternal involvement in infancy may be a protective factor for attention problems.…”