The Moderating Role of Caregiving on Fear of COVID-19 and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms

Crespo, José Luís Carballo; Coloma-Carmona, Ainhoa; Arteseros-Bañón, Sara; Pérez-Jover, Virtudes

doi:10.3390/ijerph18116125

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The higher concern is difficult to explain since in Italy, as in different parts of the world, the spread of the COVID-19 and the related mortality have hit males more than females. However, published literature together with ours showed gender differences, since females were more concerned about COVID-19, experienced higher levels of fear of COVID-19, and were more likely to accept the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 [ 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Moreover, the perceived severity of COVID-19 was a key factor in using all three main COVID-19 public health measures, since respondents who received the first dose and (or single dose) were less likely to report concern following the second dose compared to those who have always used the three measures and were also willing to use them after the booster dose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination in Changing the Adherence to Preventive Measures: Evidence from Italy

et al. 2022

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The objectives of the survey were to explore any changes in the adherence to the three main COVID-19 preventive measures (social distancing, washing hands, wearing face-masks) among 795 individuals who received the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose in Italy and to identify the predictors associated. The concern of contracting COVID-19 before the vaccination, after the primary COVID-19 vaccine series, and after the booster dose resulted with a mean value of 7.7, 4.6, and 4.2, respectively. Females, those who had a lower mean self-perceived health status, who perceived COVID-19 as a very serious health problem, who decided to receive the booster dose because they perceived to be at risk of getting COVID-19, and who expressed interest in acquiring more information regarding the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose were more likely to report a higher concern of contracting COVID-19 after the booster dose. Over two-thirds were willing to respect the three main COVID-19 preventive measures following the booster dose. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that those who had used all three main preventive measures before and after the second or single dose were less likely to perceive COVID-19 as a serious illness. Those who had used them irregularly were less likely to have used official government organizations and scientific journals as sources of information. This survey provided an understanding regarding the adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures that may help to target policy interventions needed to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination in Changing the Adherence to Preventive Measures: Evidence from Italy

et al. 2022

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“…Study findings indicated that carers’ psychological wellbeing deteriorated during the pandemic. Frequently cited psychological concerns included fear (Carballo et al., 2021; Cohen et al., 2020; D’herde et al., 2021; Fisher et al., 2021; Ng et al., 2020; Simblett et al., 2021; West et al., 2021), depression (Altieri & Santangelo, 2020; Giebel et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021; Pongan et al., 2021; Rainero et al., 2021), anxiety (Borelli et al., 2021; Carcavilla et al., 2021; Consonni et al., 2021; Giebel et al., 2021; Hwang et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021; Ng et al., 2020; Pongan et al., 2021; Rainero et al., 2021; Salari et al., 2020; West et al., 2021; Zucca et al., 2021), stress/distress (Alexopoulos et al., 2021; Carballo et al., 2021; Cohen et al., 2020; Dhavale et al., 2020; Fisher et al., 2021; Longacre et al., 2021; Rainero et al., 2021; Rusowicz et al., 2021; Tam et al., 2021; Zucca et al., 2021), sleep disturbances (Azevedo et al., 2021; Carcavilla et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021) and dietary issues (Borelli et al., 2021; Carcavilla et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021; Makaroun et al., 2021; West et al., 2021). Increased psychological burdens were often linked to a reduction in support (Budnick et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021; Macchi et al., 2021; Tsapanou et al., 2021), or a deterioration in the care recipient's health (Borelli et al., 2021; Yasuma et al., 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Study findings indicated that carers' psychological wellbeing deteriorated during the pandemic. Frequently cited psychological concerns included fear (Carballo et al, 2021;Cohen et al, 2020;D'herde et al, 2021;Fisher et al, 2021;Ng et al, 2020;Simblett et al, 2021;West et al, 2021) 40% of carers believed their own health was more endangered compared to the period before the pandemic. More specifically, carers reported worries about contracting the virus or being quarantined (Vaitheswaran et al, 2020;Yasuma et al, 2021), while increased sedentary behaviour and screen time was documented by Greaney et al (2021).…”

Section: Decline In Psychological Wellbeingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on family carers in the community: A scoping review

Muldrew

Fee

Coates

2021

Health Social Care Comm

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Family carers, referred to in this paper as carers, are family members, friends and neighbours who look after others 'who need help because of their illness, frailty, disability, a mental health problem or an addiction and cannot cope without their support. The care they give is unpaid' (NHS England, 2018). It is estimated that between 10% and 25% of the total population are carers across Europe, the United States and Australia

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“…Fear experienced by carers was reported by carers of cancer patients in Singapore [ 40 ] with 72.8% of carers reporting being ‘very much’ or ‘extremely’ fearful of the virus. Similarly, a survey of the Spanish general population [ 41 ] found that carers reported higher levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms compared to non-carers with the same levels of COVID-19 related fear. Our review identified that carers were wary of re-integrating into society as lockdown measures eased [ 19 ], showing even as the risk of contracting the virus lessened, carers were still afraid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experiences of Informal Carers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Systematic Review

Bailey

Guo

MacArtney

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Objectives: To identify, critically appraise and synthesise the qualitative literature on the experiences of informal carers of people with long-term conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: A qualitative systematic literature review. Data Sources: Eight electronic databases were systematically searched (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Nursing and Allied Health and ASSIA) along with Google Scholar and handsearching via secondary sources. Study selection: Eligible studies had to include the experiences of informal carers (adults who are 65 or older), use a qualitative methodology and had to be written in English. Data extraction and synthesis: Retrieved papers were quality assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist and ranked for quality. Thematic analysis was used to synthesise the findings. Results: Fourteen studies were included, all from medical or nursing journals (n = 5 specifically gerontology). Four main themes were identified: (i) fear, (ii) uncertainty, (iii) burden and (iv) staying connected. Caregiving demands have increased for carers during the pandemic, as well as negative emotions such as fear and uncertainty. At the same time, less social support has been available, leading to concerns about carers’ wellbeing and ability to cope. Conclusion: Carers’ needs have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Greater practical and emotional support is needed for carers from both formal services and community sources that considers their changing needs and offers educational and emotional support for long-term wellbeing. Strengths and Limitations: (1) This is the first systematic review to explore in depth the experiences of informal carers caring for people with a range of long-term conditions and from an international context. (2) The review includes an analysis of the quality of the studies, as well as a study of their relative contributions. (3) Further research is needed to explore the physical, emotional and financial impact of the pandemic for bereaved carers which is not captured in this review due to the lack of empirical data available at the time of review.

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The Moderating Role of Caregiving on Fear of COVID-19 and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms

Cited by 11 publications

References 75 publications

The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination in Changing the Adherence to Preventive Measures: Evidence from Italy

The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination in Changing the Adherence to Preventive Measures: Evidence from Italy

Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on family carers in the community: A scoping review

The Experiences of Informal Carers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Systematic Review

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