“…This study incorporates respective control variables based on their relevance in the empirical literature, including investment in capital formation (proxied by gross fixed capital formation), trade openness, inflation, and interest rates, as shown in Table 1. The following studies justify the inclusion of the variables in the tourism income equation: Hussain (2023), Khalid et al (2020), Ghosh (2022), Seetanah and Fauzel (2023), Kumar et al (2020), Salazar (2022), and Mora-Rivera and García-Mora (2021). The employment equation is supported by Asaleye et al (2021), Holland (1986), Bailey et al (1980), Amuedo-Dorantes and Pozo (2006), Oliinyk et al (2021), Conard (2023), Akkemik (2007), and Asaleye and Strydom (2023).…”