The Modern Rise of Population.

McKeown, Thomas

doi:10.2307/1971906

Cited by 104 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, acculturation need not impact mortality on each age class in the same way. For example, immunizations can substantially reduce infant and child mortality, but might impact adult mortality mainly among the immunized cohort (Crimmins and Finch 2006).Over the last four decades, demographers and epidemiologists have developed a body of theory and empirical data to explain patterns of change in mortality and morbidity rates that accompany modernization (Frederiksen 1969;Gribble and Preston 1993;McKeown 1976;Omran 1971;Preston 1976;Salomon and Murray 2002). Those changes have been termed the 'epidemiologic transition' and were first described by Omran (1971).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality experience of Tsimane Amerindians of Bolivia: Regional variation and temporal trends

Gurven

Kaplan

Supa

2007

American J Hum Biol

200

245

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This paper examines regional and temporal trends in mortality patterns among the Tsimane, a population of small-scale forager-horticulturalists in lowland Bolivia. We compare age-specific mortality in remote forest and riverine regions with that in more acculturated villages and examine mortality changes among all age groups over the past fifty years. Discretetime logistic regression is used to examine impacts of region, period, sex and age on mortality hazard. Villages in the remote forest and riverine regions show 2-4 times higher mortality rates from infancy until middle adulthood than in the acculturated region. While there was little change in mortality for most of the life course over the period 1950-89, overall life expectancy at birth improved by 8 years from 45 to 53 after 1990. In both periods, over half of all deaths were due to infectious disease, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Accidents and violence accounted for a quarter of all deaths. Unlike typical patterns described by epidemiologic transition theory, we find a much larger period reduction of death rates during middle and late adulthood than during infancy or childhood. In the remote villages, infant death rates changed little, whereas death rates among older adults decreased sharply. We hypothesize that this pattern is due to a combination of differential access to medical interventions, a continued lack of public health infrastructure and Tsimane cultural beliefs concerning sickness and dying. 3Neel and Weiss ' (1975) analysis of mortality patterns among the Yanomamo of Venezuela and Brazil was a bugle call to anthropologists to "produce comparable bodies of Furthermore, there are even fewer cases for which the mortality experience of middle-aged and older individuals living in remote subsistence-oriented populations is well documented. The lack of focused studies is due in part to problems of age-estimation and small sample sizes of older individuals. Many studies tend to cluster adults into large age categories such as 40+ or 50+. As a result, we know very little about the traditional human aging process and how it varies among societies.In a recent review of all available demographic data on mortality patterns among huntergatherers and forager horticulturalists, Gurven and Kaplan (2006) showed that prior to significant exposure to western medicine and public health, humans exhibit a characteristic mortality profile that differs dramatically from that of other non-human primates, including from our closest relative, the chimpanzee. We found that: 1) Post-reproductive longevity is a robust feature of hunter-gatherers and forager-horticulturalists, appearing to be a fundamental feature of the life-cycle of Homo sapiens. Survivorship to grandparental age is achieved by over two-thirds 4 of people who reach sexual maturity, and lasts for two decades, on average; 2) life expectancies for modern foraging, and presumably ancestral populations, are typically low due to high infant and child mortality but adult mort...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality experience of Tsimane Amerindians of Bolivia: Regional variation and temporal trends

Gurven

Kaplan

Supa

2007

American J Hum Biol

200

245

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“…In many developed countries in the twentieth century, declining TB rates preceded the discovery of a cure (Magill, 1955;Grigg, 1958;McKeown & Record, 1962;McKeown, 1976;Wilson, 1990;Davies et al, 1999;Ostry & Frank, 2010) and would (Grellet & Krause, 1983;Cronje, 1984;Edo, 1984;Caldwell, 1988;Smith, 1988;Mesa, 1989;Bates, 1992;Barnes, 1995;Johnston, 1995;Loza, 1999;Filho, 2001;Connolly, 2008;Shaw & Reeves, 2009;Armus, 2011;Arnold, 2012;Futter-Puati et al, 2014). have continued to decline even without the discovery of antibiotics (Holloway et al, 2014). All the same, antibiotic treatment for TB solidified medical authority over the disease and completed a cultural trajectory of individualization.…”

Section: History Structural Violence and Medicalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social, Historical and Cultural Dimensions of Tuberculosis

et al. 2015

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SummaryTuberculosis (TB) researchers and clinicians, by virtue of the social disease they study, are drawn into an engagement with ways of understanding illness that extend beyond the strictly biomedical model. Primers on social science concepts directly relevant to TB, however, are lacking. The particularities of TB disease mean that certain social science concepts are more relevant than others. Concepts such as structural violence can seem complicated and off-putting. Other concepts, such as gender, can seem so familiar that they are left relatively unexplored. An intimate familiarity with the social dimensions of disease is valuable, particularly for infectious diseases, because the social model is an important complement to the biomedical model. This review article offers an important introduction to a selection of concepts directly relevant to TB from health sociology, medical anthropology and social cognitive theory. The article has pedagogical utility and also serves as a useful refresher for those researchers already engaged in this genre of work. The conceptual tools of health sociology, medical anthropology and social cognitive theory offer insightful ways to examine the social, historical and cultural dimensions of public health. By recognizing cultural experience as a central force shaping human interactions with the world, TB researchers and clinicians develop a more nuanced consideration of how health, illness and medical treatment are understood, interpreted and confronted.

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“…Secondly, this decisive decline was preceded by radical public health reforms that contained, in some cases eradicated, several infectious diseases. McKeown's (1976) view that nutrition and overall improvement in living standards, rather than public health, played a vital role in Britain's mortality transition is now widely questioned (Preston, 1996, Fogel, 1997, Cutler et al, 2006. While the earlier mortality decline in England may have occurred due to better nutrition, the emerging consensus is that the late nineteenth century decline came decisively from public health initiatives.…”

Section: The Demographic Transitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality versus morbidity in the demographic transition

Aksan

Chakraborty

2014

European Economic Review

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The link between the mortality and epidemiological transitions is used to identify the effect of the former on the fertility transition: a mortality transition that is not accompanied by improving morbidity causes slower demographic and economic change. In a model where children may die from infectious disease, childhood health affects human capital and noninfectious-disease-related adult mortality. When child mortality falls from lower prevalence, as it did in western Europe, labor productivity improves, fertility falls and the economy prospers. When it falls mainly from better cures, as it has in sub-Saharan Africa, survivors are less healthy and there is little economic growth. The model can quantitatively explain sub-Saharan Africa's experience. More generally it shows that the commonly used indicator, life expectancy at birth, is a poor predictor of population health and economic growth unless morbidity falls with mortality.

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The Modern Rise of Population.

Cited by 104 publications

References 0 publications

Mortality experience of Tsimane Amerindians of Bolivia: Regional variation and temporal trends

Mortality experience of Tsimane Amerindians of Bolivia: Regional variation and temporal trends

Social, Historical and Cultural Dimensions of Tuberculosis

Mortality versus morbidity in the demographic transition

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