The modes and competing rates of cartilage fluid loss and recovery

Voinier, Steven; Moore, Axel C.; Benson, Jamie M; Price, Christopher; Burris, David L.

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.014

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“… 31 However, this does not explain the net strain recovery observed at the onset of sliding ( Figure 7 b). Any potential cushioning effect of the ∼5 μm-thick low modulus SPMK interface providing rehydration through passive swelling is contradicted by previous studies that have shown no notable reduction in cartilage strain when comparing PEEK and SPMK- g -PEEK 31 and passive swelling rates being slower than tribological rehydration 110 suggesting a reduced load-speed dependency than observed ( Figure 7 b). Instead, cartilage rehydration is an active process onset by sliding ( Figure 6 a) that competes with fluid exudation under loading.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Elkington,

Hall,

Beadling

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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This study presents new insights into the potential role of polyelectrolyte interfaces in regulating low friction and interstitial fluid pressurization of cartilage. Polymer brushes composed of hydrophilic 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK) tethered to a PEEK substrate (SPMK-g-PEEK) are a compelling biomimetic solution for interfacing with cartilage, inspired by the natural lubricating biopolyelectrolyte constituents of synovial fluid. These SPMK-g-PEEK surfaces exhibit a hydrated compliant layer approximately 5 μm thick, demonstrating the ability to maintain low friction coefficients (μ ∼ 0.01) across a wide speed range (0.1−200 mm/s) under physiological loads (0.75−1.2 MPa). A novel polyelectrolyte-enhanced tribological rehydration mechanism is elucidated, capable of recovering up to ∼12% cartilage strain and subsequently facilitating cartilage interstitial fluid recovery, under loads ranging from 0.25 to 2.21 MPa. This is attributed to the combined effects of fluid confinement within the contact gap and the enhanced elastohydrodynamic behavior of polymer brushes. Contrary to conventional theories that emphasize interstitial fluid pressurization in regulating cartilage lubrication, this work demonstrates that SPMK-g-PEEK's frictional behavior with cartilage is independent of these factors and provides unabating aqueous lubrication. Polyelectrolyte-enhanced tribological rehydration can occur within a static contact area and operates independently of known mechanisms of cartilage interstitial fluid recovery established for converging or migrating cartilage contacts. These findings challenge existing paradigms, proposing a novel polyelectrolyte−cartilage tribological mechanism not exclusively reliant on interstitial fluid pressurization or cartilage contact geometry. The implications of this research extend to a broader understanding of synovial joint lubrication, offering insights into the development of joint replacement materials that more accurately replicate the natural functionality of cartilage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Elkington,

Hall,

Beadling

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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“…Instead, it provides further evidence that movement (not static unloading) is the primary driver of fluid recovery. By contrast to passive swelling in a static contact, movement-induced rehydration is fast because contact migration directly exposes one surface to the bathing solution, while hydrodynamic pressures drive fluid into the contact interface. ,− Like a battery, cartilage function scales with competitive asymmetry between the rates of charge and discharge. Fluid recovery outpaces fluid loss by orders of magnitude in the joint, and this is possible only if the interface is well-sealed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesion–Lubrication Paradox of Articular Cartilage

Benson,

Moore,

Schrader

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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“…When the effects on interstitial fluid and pressure are reversed, the cartilage returns to its original shape [26]. This fluid equilibrium occurs regardless of weight-bearing status [31]. For example, contact migration exposes dehydrated areas to the bath (e. g., areas with higher water content), which attenuates fluid exudation and improves fluid retention against exudation [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in Femoral Cartilage Cross-Sectional Area After Aerobic and Resistance Exercise

Lim,

Lee,

Park

et al. 2024

Int J Sports Med

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We compared the immediate response and recovery of femoral cartilage morphology following aerobic or resistance exercise to a control condition. Fifteen healthy young males (23.9 years; 170.1 cm; 69.7 kg) visited the laboratory three separate days and randomly performed one of the 30 min exercise aerobic exercise (treadmill running); resistance exercises (leg presses, back squats, and knee extensions); or seated rest as the control, each followed by the 50 min recovery. Ultrasonographic images of the femoral cartilage cross-sectional area (CSA) were obtained before and after exercise and every 5 min thereafter. To test exercise effects over time, a mixed model analysis of variance and Tukey–Kramer post-hoc tests were performed (p<0.05). The femoral cartilage CSA was different (condition × time: F34,742=4.30, p<0.0001) that the femoral cartilage CSA was decreased after the aerobic (−5.8%, p<0.0001) and the resistance (−3.4%, p=0.04) exercises, compared to the pre-exercise levels. Deformed femoral cartilage CSA took 35- and 10 min to return to the pre-exercise levels after aerobic and resistance exercises (p>0.09), respectively. Thirty minutes of moderate exertion performing aerobic or resistance exercises immediately reduced the femoral cartilage CSA. A rest period ranging from 10 to 35 min was required for cartilage recovery after weight-bearing exercises.

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The modes and competing rates of cartilage fluid loss and recovery

Cited by 14 publications

References 40 publications

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Adhesion–Lubrication Paradox of Articular Cartilage

Change in Femoral Cartilage Cross-Sectional Area After Aerobic and Resistance Exercise

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