Abstract:Background
Although exposure to air pollution has been linked to many health issues, few studies have quantified the modification effect of temperature on the relationship between air pollutants and daily incidence of influenza in Ningbo, China.
Methods
The data of daily incidence of influenza and the relevant meteorological data and air pollution data in Ningbo from 2014 to 2017 were retrieved. Low, medium and high temperature layers were stratifi… Show more
“…It was also found that PM10 and temperature are associated with pediatric cases of infections by the influenza A virus. Both factors can synergize in children’s respiratory tract, resulting in increased infection susceptibility by the influenza virus (Xu et al 2013 ; Zhang et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
Air pollution is a public health issue of global importance and a risk factor for developing cardiorespiratory diseases. These contaminants induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, triggering the inflammatory response that alters cell and tissue homeostasis and facilitates the development of diseases. The effects of air pollutants such as ozone, particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1), and indoor air pollutants on respiratory health have been widely reported. For instance, epidemiological and experimental studies have shown associations between hospital admissions for individual diseases and increased air pollutant levels. This review describes the association and relationships between exposure to air pollutants and respiratory viral infections, especially those caused by the respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. The evidence suggests that exposure to air contaminants induces inflammatory states, modulates the immune system, and increases molecules’ expression that favors respiratory viruses’ pathogenesis and affects the respiratory system. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions have not yet been fully elucidated, so it is necessary to develop new studies to obtain information that will allow health and policy decisions to be made for the adequate control of respiratory infections, especially in the most vulnerable population, during periods of maximum air pollution.
“…It was also found that PM10 and temperature are associated with pediatric cases of infections by the influenza A virus. Both factors can synergize in children’s respiratory tract, resulting in increased infection susceptibility by the influenza virus (Xu et al 2013 ; Zhang et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
Air pollution is a public health issue of global importance and a risk factor for developing cardiorespiratory diseases. These contaminants induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, triggering the inflammatory response that alters cell and tissue homeostasis and facilitates the development of diseases. The effects of air pollutants such as ozone, particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1), and indoor air pollutants on respiratory health have been widely reported. For instance, epidemiological and experimental studies have shown associations between hospital admissions for individual diseases and increased air pollutant levels. This review describes the association and relationships between exposure to air pollutants and respiratory viral infections, especially those caused by the respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. The evidence suggests that exposure to air contaminants induces inflammatory states, modulates the immune system, and increases molecules’ expression that favors respiratory viruses’ pathogenesis and affects the respiratory system. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions have not yet been fully elucidated, so it is necessary to develop new studies to obtain information that will allow health and policy decisions to be made for the adequate control of respiratory infections, especially in the most vulnerable population, during periods of maximum air pollution.
“…The effects of atmospheric pollutants and meteorological factors on human health are of great concern. Extreme weather and various atmospheric pollutants may contribute to the onset of measles ( 24 ), influenza ( 25 – 27 ), tuberculosis ( 28 ), COVID-19 ( 29 , 30 ), and HFMD ( 8 , 31 ) among other infectious diseases. HFMD has caused multiple outbreaks and millions of illnesses globally and is emerging as a pressing global public health issue ( 4 ), resulting in a significant disease burden.…”
BackgroundHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a febrile rash infection caused by enteroviruses, spreading mainly via the respiratory tract and close contact. In the past two decades, HFMD has been prevalent mainly in Asia, including China and South Korea, causing a huge disease burden and putting the lives and health of children at risk. Therefore, a further study of the factors influencing HFMD incidences has far-reaching implications. In existing studies, the environmental factors affecting such incidences are mainly divided into two categories: meteorological and air. Among these studies, the former are the majority of studies on HFMD. Some scholars have studied both factors at the same, but the number is not large and the findings are quite different.MethodsWe collect monthly cases of HFMD in children, meteorological factors and atmospheric pollution in Urumqi from 2014 to 2020. Trend plots are used to understand the approximate trends between meteorological factors, atmospheric pollution and the number of HFMD cases. The association between meteorological factors, atmospheric pollution and the incidence of HFMD in the Urumqi region of northwest China is then investigated using multiple regression models.ResultsA total of 16,168 cases in children are included in this study. According to trend plots, the incidence of HFMD shows a clear seasonal pattern, with O3 (ug/m3) and temperature (°C) showing approximately the same trend as the number of HFMD cases, while AQI, PM2.5 (ug/m3), PM10 (ug/m3) and NO2 (ug/m3) all show approximately opposite trends to the number of HFMD cases. Based on multiple regression results, O3 (P = 0.001) and average station pressure (P = 0.037) are significantly and negatively associated with HFMD incidences, while SO2 (P = 0.102), average dew point temperature (P = 0.072), hail (P = 0.077), and thunder (P = 0.14) have weak significant relationships with them.
“…Through the cluster detection with the spatial scan statistics method, we found that (1) each of the three diseases has abnormally high-risk areas in mainland China; (2) the first clusters of three common diseases in the three study years are mostly located in the southern and southeastern coastal areas, and in 2014–2015, their first clusters had an overlap in south coastal areas; (3) the first cluster of influenza shows the most drastic dynamic during the 3 years, moving from North China to the southeast coast. This last finding is new, because previous studies of clusters of influenza in China have been either about a local region or about one time period [ 15 , 41 , 42 ], and therefore not able to identify the dynamic on a national scale. The clusters of DF we identified are mostly related to the outbreaks in Guangdong province in 2014, which confirmed the findings of previous studies [ 43 , 44 ].…”
Background
Dengue fever (DF), influenza, and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) have had several various degrees of outbreaks in China since the 1900s, posing a serious threat to public health. Previous studies have found that these infectious diseases were often prevalent in the same areas and during the same periods in China.
Methods
This study combined traditional descriptive statistics and spatial scan statistic methods to analyze the spatiotemporal features of the epidemics of DF, influenza, and HFMD during 2013–2015 in mainland China at the provincial level.
Results
DF got an intensive outbreak in 2014, while influenza and HFMD were stable from 2013 to 2015. DF mostly occurred during August–November, influenza appeared during November–next March, and HFMD happened during April–November. The peaks of these diseases form a year-round sequence; Spatially, HFMD generally has a much higher incidence than influenza and DF and covers larger high-risk areas. The hotspots of influenza tend to move from North China to the southeast coast. The southeastern coastal regions are the high-incidence areas and the most significant hotspots of all three diseases.
Conclusions
This study suggested that the three diseases can form a year-round sequence in southern China, and the southeast coast of China is a particularly high-risk area for these diseases. These findings may have important implications for the local public health agency to allocate the prevention and control resources.
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