The modulation effects of plant‐derived bioactive ingredients on chronic kidney disease: Focus on the gut–kidney axis

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results mainly from diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis, which can develop into end-stage renal disease and CKD-related complications, thereby causing high morbidity and mortality. This progression is correlated with pathogenic alterations in the gut microbiota that generate uremic toxins, mainly including indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide. The uremic toxins directly or indirectly induce CKD through oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and subsequently renal fibrosis. However, ongoing developments in CKD therapy still lack nutritional guidelines and new pharmacotherapies with significant effects. In this review, we discuss the modulatory effects of plant-derived bioactive ingredients, such as dietary fiber (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides), polyphenols (e.g., curcumin, anthocyanins, catechins, and resveratrol), and peptides, on gut microbiota and CKD particularly from the view of the gut-kidney axis. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of CKD is necessary to develop new targeted therapy strategies that will benefit the prevention and treatment of CKD.

Exploring the Effects of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights into Gut Microbiome Modulation and Potential Antidiabetic Benefits

“…This change in gut microbiota composition subsequently induced alterations in the metabolic profiles of host, including increased SCFA production in the colon and elevated circulating levels of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative metabolites in plasma. , Moreover, anthocyanin-rich diets resulted in the enhanced excretion of specific polyphenolic metabolites in urine, indicating efficient metabolism and absorption of these beneficial bioactive compounds . Additionally, some researchers demonstrated that anthocyanin consumption in humans influenced the urinary excretion of microbial-derived metabolites, such as hippurate and p -cresol sulfate, which are considered markers of gut microbial metabolism and functionality. The observed changes in these urinary metabolites reflected the modulatory effects of dietary anthocyanins on gut microbiota and, consequently, their impact on host metabolism.…”