The Molecular Basis of Resilience: A Narrative Review

Ryan, Megan; Ryznar, Rebecca

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856998

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Other approaches assume that resilience is continuously distributed and model resilience in terms of deviation from what is expected relative to trauma exposure status [ 28 , 29 ]. However, congruence across approaches is not commonly investigated, resulting in limited comparability across studies and settings [ 21 , 30 , 31 ]. Additionally, given the narrow focus on psychological functioning and internalizing disorders in the extant literature, individuals who may be asymptomatic in some domains of well-being, but struggling to adjust to loss in other unmeasured domains, are not typically identified [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilient phenotypes among bereaved youth: a comparison of trajectory, relative, and cross-domain approaches

Dice

Xian

Kim

et al. 2023

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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Background Bereavement is a common traumatic event associated with adverse health outcomes across the life course. Despite these risks, not all bereaved individuals experience these negative effects. Limited scientific consensus exists on how to define resilience in individuals who have experienced the death of a loved one. Methods Using a sample of N = 3766 youth from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort, we identified bereavement of a family member between ages 7 and 8.5. We derived and compared three different approaches to assess resilience among bereaved youth. Trajectory-based psychological resilience identified sub-groups with similar psychological symptom profiles between ages 6 and 16 using latent growth mixture models. Relative psychological resilience at age 16 leveraged standardized residuals from a model regressing psychological symptoms on bereavement to determine better-than-expected psychological functioning relative to bereavement status. Relative cross-domain resilience around age 16 was a sum score of the residuals approach applied to eight unique domains of health. Predictive validity of each approach was assessed using depressive symptoms at age 17.5 Results Overall, N = 877 (23%) youth were bereaved of a family member between ages 7 and 8.5. Using latent growth mixture models, a three-class solution described 84% of bereaved youth with low and stable psychological symptoms over time, 8% with worsening symptoms, and 8% with improving yet elevated symptoms. Each relative resilience score was largely concordant with the trajectory-based approach in identifying individuals as resilient or not, though relative psychological resilience demonstrated a stronger degree of concordance than the cross-domain score. Relative psychological and cross-domain resilience exhibited moderate to low correlation, depending on the domains included (r = 0.14–0.43). For each approach, resilience significantly predicted lower depressive symptoms at age 17.5, highlighting predictive validity of these measures. Conclusions Psychological symptom trajectories among bereaved youth aligned with those previously identified among bereaved adults. The residual-based approach to defining resilience exhibited limited utility in the context of bereavement. When identifying risk and resilience after bereavement, researchers and clinicians must address the interplay across psychosocial and physical health domains, as bereaved youth considered resilient from a mental health perspective may benefit from intervention in other domains.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilient phenotypes among bereaved youth: a comparison of trajectory, relative, and cross-domain approaches

Dice

Xian

Kim

et al. 2023

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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“…MCP1 or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, is a known proinflammatory chemokine that recruits leukocytes including monocytes, dendritic cells and memory T cells to sites of inflammation. More specifically, MCP1 may play a role in the ability of astrocytes to recruit peripheral monocytes during the stress response ( 24 ). In a recent published review, MCP1 was mentioned as a marker associated with low resilience to stress, specifically, the salivary level of MCP1 was found to be correlated with PTSD associated symptoms in multiple studies ( 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More specifically, MCP1 may play a role in the ability of astrocytes to recruit peripheral monocytes during the stress response ( 24 ). In a recent published review, MCP1 was mentioned as a marker associated with low resilience to stress, specifically, the salivary level of MCP1 was found to be correlated with PTSD associated symptoms in multiple studies ( 24 ). Lower levels of MCP1 have been found to be associated with greater happiness during acute stress ( 25 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principal component analysis of salivary cytokines and hormones in the acute stress response

et al. 2022

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The acute stress response is characterized by activation of multiple interconnected systems in the body, resulting in the release of a flood of hormones and immune mediators into circulation. In addition to detection of these molecules in the serum, saliva can serve as a source of these markers as well and can be collected in a non-invasive way. The complete profile of salivary biomarkers associated with the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal/gonadal axes and the immune system during the acute stress response has not been fully elucidated. In a cohort of 62 first responders engaged in a stress training exercise, we set out to determine patterns of cytokine, chemokine and hormone shifts during the acute stress response. Salivary samples were collected immediately before (pre-stress), immediately after (post-stress) and 1 h after the stress test (recovery). Multiplex ELISA panels of 42 cytokines and 6 steroid and thyroid hormones were used to determine concentrations of these biomarkers during the three aforementioned time points. Principal components analysis was conducted to determine patterns in the large data sets collected. In our ≥0.3 loading principal components analysis, for pre-stress vs. post, post-stress vs. recovery and pre-stress vs. recovery, a total of three, four and three factors accounted for 56.6, 68.34, and 61.70% of the biomarker variation for each phase respectively. In the ≥0.7 loading principal components analysis, three, four and three factors were found for pre-stress vs. post, post-stress vs. recovery and pre-stress vs. recovery stages, respectively. Of note, in our ≥0.3 loading principal components analysis, MCP1 was present in all three factors from pre-stress to post-stress, and fractalkine was found to be in all four factors post-stress vs. recovery and pre vs. recovery from stress. Additionally, hormones testosterone, estradiol, T4 and T3 grouped together consistently in the same factor for all phases of acute stress in both ≥0.3 and ≥0.7 principal components analysis. Overall, our results identified specific patterns of immune markers and hormones that shift during acute stress and warrant further investigation to understand their mechanistic role in regulating the stress response.

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“…Approximately 60–70% of PTSD-related psychological and physiological disorders do not develop or subside within 1–4 weeks [ 17 ]. The long-term response to severe stress apparently depends on individual vulnerability or resilience [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Recently, we compared the effects of PS on the heart of rats segregated into groups susceptible or resilient to experimental PS and showed that following PS, morphological cardiac injury, ECG changes, and impaired exercise tolerance were more pronounced in PS-susceptible (PSs) rats [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Blood Flow in Predator Stress-Resilient and -Susceptible Rats and Mechanisms of Resilience

Kondashevskaya

Downey

Tseĭlikman

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Stress-induced conditions are associated with impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) and increased risk of dementia and stroke. However, these conditions do not develop in resilient humans and animals. Here the effects of predator stress (PS, cat urine scent, ten days) on CBF and mechanisms of CBF regulation were compared in PS-susceptible (PSs) and PS-resilient (PSr) rats. Fourteen days post-stress, the rats were segregated into PSs and PSr groups based on a behavior-related anxiety index (AI). CBF and its endothelium-dependent changes were measured in the parietal cortex by laser Doppler flowmetry. The major findings are: (1) PS susceptibility was associated with reduced basal CBF and endothelial dysfunction. In PSr rats, the basal CBF was higher, and endothelial dysfunction was attenuated. (2) CBF was inversely correlated with the AI of PS-exposed rats. (3) Endothelial dysfunction was associated with a decrease in eNOS mRNA in PSs rats compared to the PSr and control rats. (4) Brain dopamine was reduced in PSs rats and increased in PSr rats. (5) Plasma corticosterone of PSs was reduced compared to PSr and control rats. (6) A hypercoagulation state was present in PSs rats but not in PSr rats. Thus, potential stress resilience mechanisms that are protective for CBF were identified.

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The Molecular Basis of Resilience: A Narrative Review

Cited by 32 publications

References 113 publications

Resilient phenotypes among bereaved youth: a comparison of trajectory, relative, and cross-domain approaches

Resilient phenotypes among bereaved youth: a comparison of trajectory, relative, and cross-domain approaches

Principal component analysis of salivary cytokines and hormones in the acute stress response

Cerebral Blood Flow in Predator Stress-Resilient and -Susceptible Rats and Mechanisms of Resilience

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