According to the NINDS-AIREN criteria the diagnosis vascular dementias requires a temporal relationship between the vascular event (stroke) and the onset of dementia and the confirmation of cerebrovascular lesions by either brain imaging or histopathology. Some macroangiopathic infarcts and microangiopathy are considered to be associated with cognitive decline. Since white matter changes and lacunae are related to cognitive functions also in nondisabled persons and develop with advancing age, significance is often a matter of debate. Apart from this debate, it is the neuroradiologist's challenge to recognize a palette of rare diseases with similar white matter changes.