The Molecular Machinery of Chloroplast Division

Chen, Cheng; MacCready, Joshua S.; Ducat, Daniel C.; Osteryoung, Katherine W.

doi:10.1104/pp.17.01272

Cited by 89 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(218 reference statements)

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“…In mosses ( Physcomitrella patens ) D-Ala and D-Glu were detected in the plastidial envelope, which resembles to bacterial peptidoglycan (Hirano et al, 2016). This finding and others led to the conclusion that peptidoglycan, containing D-Ala and D-Glu, is an integral part of the plastidial envelope not only in cryptophytes (for a review see Chen et al (2018)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

AtDAT1 is a key enzyme of D-amino acid stimulated ethylene production inArabidopsis thaliana

Suárez

Hener

Lehnhardt

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Keywords: D-amino acids in plants, D-amino acid-stimulated ethylene production, D-amino acid 9 specific transaminase, D-methionine, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ethylene, amino acid 10 malonylation 11 Manuscript type: Original research 12Abstract 15 D-enantiomers of proteinogenic amino acids (D-AAs) are found ubiquitously, but the knowledge 16 about their metabolism and functions in plants is scarce. A long forgotten phenomenon in this regard 17 is the D-AA-stimulated ethylene production in plants. As a starting point to investigate this effect the 18Arabidopsis accession Landsberg erecta (Ler) got into focus as it was found defective in 19 metabolizing D-AAs. Combining genetics and molecular biology of T-DNA lines and natural 20 variants together with biochemical and physiological approaches we could identify AtDAT1 as a 21 major D-AA transaminase in Arabidopsis. Atdat1 loss-of-function mutants and Arabidopsis 22 accessions with defective AtDAT1 alleles were not able to produce D-Ala, D-Glu and L-Met, the 23 metabolites of D-Met, anymore. This result corroborates the biochemical characterization of 24AtDAT1, which showed highest activity using D-Met as substrate. Germination of seedlings in light 25and dark led to enhanced growth inhibition of atdat1 mutants on D-Met. Ethylene measurements 26revealed an enhanced D-AA stimulated ethylene production in these mutants. According to initial 27 working models of this phenomenon D-Met is preferentially malonylated instead of the ethylene 28 precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). This decrease of ACC degradation should 29 then lead to the increase of ethylene production. We could observe in our studies a reciprocal relation 30 of malonylated methionine and ACC upon D-Met application and even significantly more malonyl-31 methionine in atdat1 mutants. Unexpectedly, the malonyl-ACC levels did not differ between mutants 32 and wild type in these experiments. With AtDAT1, the first central enzyme of plant D-AA 33 metabolism was characterized biochemically and physiologically. The specific effects of D-Met on 34 ACC metabolization, ethylene production and plant development of dat1 mutants unraveled the 35 impact of AtDAT1 on these processes, but they are not in full accordance to previous working 36 AtDAT1 regulates ethylene production 2 models. Instead, our results imply the influence of additional candidate factors or processes on D-37 AA-stimulated ethylene production which await to be uncovered. 38

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

AtDAT1 is a key enzyme of D-amino acid stimulated ethylene production inArabidopsis thaliana

Suárez

Hener

Lehnhardt

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…A number of mutants in chloroplast division machinery have been identified, although they generally lead to fewer, larger plastids, which is likely to decrease the ability of a cell to optimize the spatial distribution of its photosynthetic machinery for CO 2 uptake (Chen et al , ). Although the promotion of chloroplast differentiation can be engineered (Wang et al , ), quantitatively manipulating chloroplast number and size in mesophyll cells remains a major challenge (Hymus et al , ).…”

Section: Improving Mesophyll Conductancementioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular perspectives for improving mesophyll conductance

Lundgren

Fleming

2020

The Plant Journal

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Summary After entering the leaf, CO2 faces an intricate pathway to the site of photosynthetic fixation embedded within the chloroplasts. The efficiency of CO2 flux is hindered by a number of structural and biochemical barriers which, together, define the ease of flow of the gas within the leaf, termed mesophyll conductance. Previous authors have identified the key elements of this pathway, raising the prospect of engineering the system to improve CO2 flux and, thus, to increase leaf photosynthetic efficiency. In this review, we provide a perspective on the potential for improving the individual elements that contribute to this complex parameter. We lay particular emphasis on generation of the cellular architecture of the leaf which sets the initial boundaries of a number of mesophyll conductance parameters, incorporating an overview of the molecular transport processes which have been proposed as major facilitators of CO2 flux across structural boundaries along the pathway. The review highlights the research areas where future effort might be invested to increase our fundamental understanding of mesophyll conductance and leaf function and, consequently, to enable translation of these findings to improve the efficiency of crop photosynthesis.

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“…the dynamin family GTPase Arc5/DRP5B) and inside (e.g. the tubulin homolog FtsZ and Min proteins) the plastid [62]. None of these proteins could be identified in our data, and E. gracilis and Eutreptiella spp.…”

Section: Euglenophyte and E Longa-specific Simplifications Of The Bamentioning

confidence: 52%

Peculiar features of the plastids of the colourless algaEuglena longaand photosynthetic euglenophytes unveiled by transcriptome analyses

Záhonová

Füssy

Birčák

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Background:Euglenophytes are an interesting algal group that emerged within the ancestrally plastid-lacking Euglenozoa phylum by acquiring a plastid from a green algal donor. However, the knowledge of euglenophyte plastid biology and evolution is highly incomplete, partly because euglenophytes have so far been little studied on a genome-and transcriptome-wide scale.Transcriptome data from only a single species, Euglena gracilis, have been exploited to functional insights, but aspects of the plastid biology have been largely neglected. Results:To expand the resources for studying euglenophyte biology and to improve our knowledge of the euglenophyte plastid function and evolution, we sequenced and analysed the transcriptome of the non-photosynthetic species Euglena longa. The transcriptomic data confirmed the absence of genes for the photosynthetic machinery in this species, but provided a number of candidate plastid-localized proteins bearing the same type of N-terminal bipartite topogenic signals (BTSs) as known from the photosynthetic species E. gracilis. Further comparative analyses using transcriptome assemblies available for E. gracilis and two additional photosynthetic euglenophytes of the genus Eutreptiella enabled us to unveil several salient aspects of the basic plastid infrastructure in euglenophytes. First, a number of plastidial proteins seem to reach the organelle as C-terminal translational fusions with other BTS-bearing proteins.Second, the conventional eubacteria-derived plastidial ribosomal protein L24 is missing and seems to have been replaced by very different homologs of the archaeo-eukaryotic origin. Third, no homologs of any key component of the TOC/TIC system (translocon of the outer/inner chloroplast membrane) and the plastid division apparatus are discernible in euglenophytes, and the machinery for intraplastidial protein targeting has been simplified by the loss of the cpSRP/cpFtsY system and the SEC2 translocon. Lastly, euglenophytes proved to encode a plastid-targeted homolog of the termination factor Rho horizontally acquired from a Lambdaproteobacteria-related donor, suggesting an unprecedented modification of the transcription mechanism in their plastid. Conclusions:Our study suggests that the euglenophyte plastid has been substantially remodelled comparted to its green algal progenitor by both loss of original and acquisition of novel molecular components, making it a particularly interesting subject for further studies. BackgroundEuglenophytes, exemplified by the highly studied mixotrophic alga Euglena gracilis, are a peculiar algal group constituting one of the many lineages of the phylum Euglenozoa [1].Euglenophytes and other euglenozoans share many unusual features, such as regulation of gene primarily at the post-transcriptional level [2][3][4]. Furthermore, euglenozoans employ trans-splicing to process mRNA molecules, whereby the 5'-end of pre-mRNA is replaced by the 5'-end of the specialized spliced leader (SL) RNA, resulting in the presence of the invariant SL sequence at th...

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The Molecular Machinery of Chloroplast Division

Cited by 89 publications

References 150 publications

AtDAT1 is a key enzyme of D-amino acid stimulated ethylene production inArabidopsis thaliana

AtDAT1 is a key enzyme of D-amino acid stimulated ethylene production inArabidopsis thaliana

Cellular perspectives for improving mesophyll conductance

Peculiar features of the plastids of the colourless algaEuglena longaand photosynthetic euglenophytes unveiled by transcriptome analyses

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