The Molecular Mechanisms of Hypoglycemic Properties and Safety Profiles of Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds Extract: A Review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is known as the root cause of type 2 diabetes; hence, it is a substantial therapeutic target. Nowadays, studies have shifted the focus to natural ingredients that have been utilized as a traditional diabetes treatment, including Swietenia macrophylla. Accumulating evidence supports the hypoglycemic activities of S. macrophylla seeds extract, although its molecular mechanisms have yet to be well-established. AIM: This review focuses on the hypoglycemic molecular mechanisms of S. macrophylla seeds extract and its safety profiles. METHODS: An extensive search of the latest literature was conducted from four main databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) using several keywords: “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and diabetes;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and oxidative stress;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and inflammation;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and GLUT4;” and “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and toxicities.” RESULTS: The hypoglycemic activities occur through modulating several pathways associated with IR and T2D pathogenesis. The seeds extract of S. macrophylla modulates oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances while increasing antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). Another propose mechanism is the modulating of the inflammatory pathway by attenuating nuclear factor kappa β, tumor necrosis factor α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2. Some studies have shown that the extract can also control phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/ Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway by inducing glucose transporter 4, while suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity studies supported the safety profile of S. macrophylla seeds extract with the LD50 higher than 2000 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: The potential of S. macrophylla seeds as antidiabetic candidate is supported by many studies that have documented their non-toxic and hypoglycemic effects, which involve several molecular pathways.

A Systematic Review on the Hypoglycemic Potentials of Mahogany (Swietenia spp.) Seeds as Antioxidants in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

“…25 Limonoids are known to trigger antioxidant enzymes which will suppress excessive ROS production. 8 Phenols and flavonoids have been widely reported to have antioxidant activity in both in vivo and in vitro studies. 5 The results of a systematic review show that the phytochemical content of S. macrophylla seeds is mostly tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and stigmasterol.…”

“…seed have been shown to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which can improve the insulin signaling pathway and increase the Insulin Receptor (IR) sensitivity. 8 Oxidative stress is a condition where the endogenous antioxidant defense system is overwhelmed due to ROS overproduction, which threatens cell survival. Oxidative stress increases the risk of complications of gestational diabetes.…”

Protecting mechanism of Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract nanoparticle on Streptozotocin induced renal damage in rat

“…One of the strong antioxidants herbal is S. macrophylla . Using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging experiment, the antioxidant activity of S. macrophylla extract was examined, and it demonstrated a great antioxidant effect ( Yudhani et al , 2021 ; Borah et al , 2022 ; Kurnijasanti et al , 2023 ). Herbal nanotechnology can be used to increase the therapeutic value by reducing toxicity and increasing bioavailability.…”

“…A natural substance called Swietenia macrophylla exhibits vigorous antioxidant activity and may scavenge ROS to prevent oxidative damage. Swietenia macrophylla offers pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic properties ( Yudhani et al , 2021 ; Borah et al , 2022 ; Kurnijasanti et al , 2023 ).…”

Modelling Climatically Suitable Areas for Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) and Their Shifts across Neotropics: The Role of Protected Areas

“…Mahogany wood is desired in international markets in the United States, Japan, and Europe due to its high demand for home construction, plywood, boards, boats, and fine cabinetry [19]. In addition, it has chemical properties that are of great importance for multiple uses, such as the production of cosmetics, control of hypertension, and production of antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory substances [20][21][22]. Due to these multiple uses, it is considered one of the most commercially important plant species worldwide [23], reaching prices between USD 1700 and USD 11,000 per m 3 of wood [24,25].…”