The Moniliophthora perniciosa – Cacao pod pathosystem: Structural and activated defense strategies against disease establishment

Meraz-Pérez, I.M.; Carvalho, Mariana Rocha de; Sena, K.F.; Soares, Yaska Janaína Bastos; Estrela, A.S.; Lopes, Uilson Vanderlei; Filho, Lindolfo Pereira dos Santos; Araújo, S.A.C.; Soares, Virgínia Lúcia Fontes; Pirovani, Carlos Priminho; Gramacho, Karina Peres

doi:10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101656

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These enzymes detoxify ROS, such as superoxide anions (O 2− ), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and are produced by plants to prevent pathogen invasion and increase stress tolerance [ 90 ]. In contrast, hosts also activate the gene arsenal of their antioxidant system to develop metabolites and enzymes, such as peroxidases, that prevent entry into the fungus’ intracellular space [ 91 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differences in some molecular responses between resistant and susceptible genotypes of Theobroma cacao have been reported. Almost all of them are related to the antioxidative system of the plant, such as higher amounts of H 2 O 2 , oxalic acid and/or ascorbic acid, induction of the genes for oxalate oxidase (G-OXO), germinal-type oxalate oxidase (Glp), and dehydroascorbate reductase (Dhar) [ 12 , 56 ], as well as higher activity of the APX enzyme [ 57 , 91 ] in resistant genotypes in the interval from 0 h to three days after infection with M. perniciosa . Another interesting situation, discussed previously, is that resistant genotypes produce much smaller amounts of calcium oxalate crystals in the basal state and these are dissolved during the initial phase of infection, leaving in their place H 2 O 2 [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review

Santos

Mora-Ocampo

Novais

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Significant scientific advances to elucidate the Moniliophthora perniciosa pathosystem have been achieved in recent years, but the molecular biology of this pathogen-host interaction is still a field with many unanswered questions. In order to present insights at the molecular level, we present the first systematic review on the theme. All told, 1118 studies were extracted from public databases. Of these, 109 were eligible for the review, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that understanding the transition from the biotrophic-necrotrophic phase of the fungus is crucial for control of the disease. Proteins with strong biotechnological potential or that can be targets for pathosystem intervention were identified, but studies regarding possible applications are still limited. The studies identified revealed important genes in the M. perniciosa-host interaction and efficient molecular markers in the search for genetic variability and sources of resistance, with Theobroma cacao being the most common host. An arsenal of effectors already identified and not explored in the pathosystem were highlighted. This systematic review contributes to the understanding of the pathosystem at the molecular level, offering new insights and proposing different paths for the development of new strategies to control witches’ broom disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review

Santos

Mora-Ocampo

Novais

et al. 2023

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It can cause infection in different plant organs, such as flowers, pods, and branches. The typical symptoms include abnormal shoots that display stem swellings, bud proliferation, and vegetative brooms, which inspired the name witches’ broom disease in cocoa [ 5 ]. The results of recent studies from the major cocoa-producing provinces of Ecuador showed that Moniliophthora species possess high morphological and genetic diversity [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Trichoderma spp. Extracts with Antifungal Activity against Cocoa Pathogens

et al. 2023

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Ecuador is one of the major cocoa producers worldwide, but its productivity has lately been affected by diseases. Endophytic biocontrol agents have been used to minimize pathogenic effects; however, compounds produced by endophytes are minimally understood. This work presents the chemical characterization of the Trichoderma species extracts that proved inhibition against cocoa pathogens. Solid–liquid extraction was performed as a partitioning method using medium with the fungal mycelia of Trichoderma reesei (C2A), Trichoderma sp. (C3A), Trichoderma harzianum (C4A), and Trichoderma spirale (C10) in ethyl acetate individually. The extract of T. spirale (C10) exhibited the growth inhibition (32.97–47.02%) of Moniliophthora perniciosa at 10 µg/mL, while a slight stimulation of Moniliophthora roreri was shown by the extracts of T. reesei (C2A) and T. harzianum (C4A) at higher concentrations. The inhibitory activity could be related to alkaloids, lactones, quinones, flavonoids, triterpenes, and sterols, as indicated by chemical screening and antifungal compounds, such as widdrol, β-caryophyllene, tyrosol, butyl isobutyrate, sorbic acid, palmitic acid, palmitelaidic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, which were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extracts, particularly T. spirale (C10), have the potential as biocontrol agents against witches’ broom disease; however, further studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness.

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“…Although cocoa production is increasingly being approved for its sustainability (4.03 of the Circular Economy Level (CEL) indicator ranking), most production systems follow the linear economy model 4, providing cost‐effective materials because recycling and reusing processes are neglected and no emphasis is focused on the waste biomass 5. Furthermore, cocoa pods disposed improperly generate risky effects in the plantation, e.g., during pods degradation, the production of spores can cause the spread of diseases, such us of M. perniciosa , a serious pathogenic agent affecting cocoa with dangerous consequences for the chocolate industry 6, 7 and Phytophthora spp., that can affect up to 30 % of worldwide production 8. However, this residual waste biomass represents a potential source of recovery of bioactive compounds to develop profitable basic products in different industries 9 and its current management is not fully exploited when considering its chemical composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Pod Husk: A High‐Pectin Source with Applications in the Food and Biomedical Fields

et al. 2022

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Cocoa liquor, butter, and powder represent derived products from a small portion of the fruits, compared with the cocoa pod husk (CPH) which accounts for ~70 % of fresh weight. CPH, improperly disposed in plantations, can cause diseases threatening worldwide chocolate production. However, this biomass can be a potential source of bioactive compounds aligned with the circular economy. An overview on the different methods for extracting pectin, resulting in variable extraction yields with a critical discussion on the obtained physicochemical characteristics, is presented. Additionally, the potential applications of the extracted pectin for food and biomedical application are discussed, including thickener, stabilizer, excipient, drug-release modifier, macrophage activator, etc. Despite these potential outputs, new extraction methods need to be considered for improving efficiency and sustainability. Finally, potential approaches are introduced that can help to minimize the environmental impact, making the extraction cost-and time-efficient, and, therefore, more ssustainable for a further successful translation to industry.

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The Moniliophthora perniciosa – Cacao pod pathosystem: Structural and activated defense strategies against disease establishment

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review

State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review

Chemical Characterization of Trichoderma spp. Extracts with Antifungal Activity against Cocoa Pathogens

Cocoa Pod Husk: A High‐Pectin Source with Applications in the Food and Biomedical Fields

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