This paper explores female images in the so-called "women's revenge" film genre of the 70s and 80s, produced in Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. On the surface, these films invariably attracted an audience in that period by using a lavish amount of sexual elements; underneath the women characters follow a drastically different trajectory amidst the historical and societal changes of the respective settings. That suggests that these B pictures should not be considered "abhorrent" by normal citizens, due to they have reverberations, as the violent female serves as a signifier to reflect social repression. However, pornography ends such erotic films as a type in Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, these revenge films go through a transfiguration for several reasons, such as mafia control, decolonization, fear, and censorship. This paper will not uncover all the background issues as western-inspired film scholarship delves into such neglected "bad" movies, these women's revenge films reveal their own heteroglossia, which sets up a peculiar chronotop in a Bakhtinian interpretation. Cultural study can widen the spectrum of research into many un-discovered areas, such as these campy but interesting bad movies.Keywords: women's revenge films, erotic films, Taiwan's social realist film, female body
IntroductionFrom the very early age of drama in Greece and Rome there exist the strong female characters called female avengers. A few examples include Nemesis among the goddesses, who punishes the ones who do not respect divine law, and Medea, a wrathful woman against her husband who inspired many playwrights like Euripides and Seneca to write imaginative tragedies. Women are never as weak as what Hamlet describes his betraying mother, Gertrude.The theme of revenge, along with a heavy amount of gore, violence and exaggerated anger, continues to attract audience via B films or campy flicks whose makers often transgress common notions of sensuality. It is an excitement that provides the basic attraction all genre films. Revenge movies, in particular, have often been stigmatized, for people always consider them too low-brow and spooky. Perhaps for the reason why most film scholars tend to neglect those films. Although female avengers commonly exist, the limits of tastes of the academic eye have deterred further exploration of the deeper meanings of those ferocious women, especially in Asia.