The Moon: From Research to Exploration (To the 50th anniversary of Luna-9 and Luna-10 Spacecraft)

Efanov, V. V.; Dolgopolov, V. P.

doi:10.1134/s0038094617070036

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The construction of Gateway will begin in 2023, which can provide abundant opportunities of long-term continuous measurements for lunar environment and future deep space explorations (Haws et al 2019). The Luna 1 http://nasa.gov/artemis-1 25-27 missions are planned in Russia, the main tasks of which include exploring the lunar natural sources, estimating the lunar electromagnetic environment, studying the lunar surface topography, and analyzing the physical properties of the lunar regolith (Efanov and Dolgopolov 2017). The landers of Luna 25 and 27 will carry instruments to study the dusty plasma around the lunar surface (Popel et al 2018).…”

Section: Detection Missionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Lunar Dust Dynamics

Yang,

Feng,

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Lunar dust particles are generated by hypervelocity impacts of interplanetary micron-meteoroids onto the surface of the Moon, which seriously threatens the security of explorations. Studying the lunar dust dynamics helps to understand the origin and migration mechanism of lunar dust, and to provide the theoretical guidelines for the orbital design of lunar space missions. This paper reviews previous research on the lunar dust dynamics, including the interplanetary impactor environment at the Earth-Moon system, the mass production rate, the initial mass, speed and ejecta angle distributions, the related space exploration missions, the dynamical model and spatial distribution of dust particles originating from the lunar surface in the whole Earth-Moon system.

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Section: Detection Missionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Lunar Dust Dynamics

Yang,

Feng,

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Nowadays, the separated design of an immovable lander and rover is still the core method of zero-distance exploration on the moon. Many countries have made world-renowned achievements such as the Soviet/Russian Luna-9 [ 1 ], the first lander to achieve lunar soft-landing, which absorbs impact energy using four airbags; American Surveyor-1 [ 2 ], the first legged lander to reach the lunar surface, which uses three three-branch buffered legs filled with aluminum honeycomb material, providing technical support for Apollo program [ 3 ]; Chinese Chang’e 4 [ 4 ] reaches the far side of the moon first, which utilizes four similar buffer legs. Notably, all these landers are immovable and are designed to help the rover finish landing, so their exploration capacity is restricted to around the fixed landing site.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lunar Surface Fault-Tolerant Soft-Landing Performance and Experiment for a Six-Legged Movable Repetitive Lander

Yin

Zhou

Sun

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The cascading launch and cooperative work of lander and rover are the pivotal methods to achieve lunar zero-distance exploration. The separated design results in a heavy system mass that requires more launching costs and a limited exploration area that is restricted to the vicinity of the immovable lander. To solve this problem, we have designed a six-legged movable repetitive lander, called “HexaMRL”, which congenitally integrates the function of both the lander and rover. However, achieving a buffered landing after a failure of the integrated drive units (IDUs) in the harsh lunar environment is a great challenge. In this paper, we systematically analyze the fault-tolerant capacity of all possible landing configurations in which the number of remaining normal legs is more than two and design the landing algorithm to finish a fault-tolerant soft-landing for the stable configuration. A quasi-incentre stability optimization method is further proposed to increase the stability margin during supporting operations after landing. To verify the fault-tolerant landing performance on the moon, a series of experiments, including five-legged, four-legged and three-legged soft-landings with a vertical landing velocity of −1.9 m/s and a payload of 140 kg, are successfully carried out on a 5-DoF lunar gravity ground-testing platform. The HexaMRL with fault-tolerant landing capacity will greatly promote the development of a next-generation lunar prober.

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“…Indeed, China National Space Administration and Indian Space Research Organization are involved in the Chang'e [1][2][3] and the Chandrayaan [4,5] project respectively: both the projects are made up of multiple missions directed to the Moon which exploit orbiters, landers, rovers, and sample return spacecraft. Moreover, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (South Korea) and Roscomos (Russia) are planning to explore the Moon thanks to the mission Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter [6] and the program Luna [7]. Finally, many companies will also deliver technological demonstrators, landers, and rovers on the Moon (mostly in the south polar region) as contracts of NASA Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program [8], with the goals of testing in situ resource utilization concepts, scouting for lunar resources, and delivering science and technology payloads to support the Artemis lunar program (https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/, accessed on 16 July 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PSO-Based Soft Lunar Landing with Hazard Avoidance: Analysis and Experimentation

et al. 2021

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The problem of real-time optimal guidance is extremely important for successful autonomous missions. In this paper, the last phases of autonomous lunar landing trajectories are addressed. The proposed guidance is based on the Particle Swarm Optimization, and the differential flatness approach, which is a subclass of the inverse dynamics technique. The trajectory is approximated by polynomials and the control policy is obtained in an analytical closed form solution, where boundary and dynamical constraints are a priori satisfied. Although this procedure leads to sub-optimal solutions, it results in beng fast and thus potentially suitable to be used for real-time purposes. Moreover, the presence of craters on the lunar terrain is considered; therefore, hazard detection and avoidance are also carried out. The proposed guidance is tested by Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate its performances and a robust procedure, made up of safe additional maneuvers, is introduced to counteract optimization failures and achieve soft landing. Finally, the whole procedure is tested through an experimental facility, consisting of a robotic manipulator, equipped with a camera, and a simulated lunar terrain. The results show the efficiency and reliability of the proposed guidance and its possible use for real-time sub-optimal trajectory generation within laboratory applications.

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The Moon: From Research to Exploration (To the 50th anniversary of Luna-9 and Luna-10 Spacecraft)

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Review on Lunar Dust Dynamics

Review on Lunar Dust Dynamics

Lunar Surface Fault-Tolerant Soft-Landing Performance and Experiment for a Six-Legged Movable Repetitive Lander

PSO-Based Soft Lunar Landing with Hazard Avoidance: Analysis and Experimentation

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