The morphology and biology of the entomophilic<i>Thripinema fuscum</i>(Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host<i>Frankliniella fusca</i>(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Sims, Kelly R.; Becnel, James J.; Funderburk, Joe

doi:10.1080/00222933.2011.651654

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…From w How's highly reduced genome, we would have expected to find Wolbachia infecting related nematodes, and to cospeciate with its hosts. Yet we were not able to detect Wolbachia in samples from seven related fly parasitic tylenchid nematode species, except for strains from supergroups A and B that are most likely symbionts of the nematode's insect host; which is similar to a previous study that detected the same strain of Wolbachia in a species of thrips and a nematode of thrips [47]. One possibility is that Wolbachia was lost from other fly parasitic tylenchid nematodes, and perhaps was replaced by another bacterial symbiont [48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

A highly divergent Wolbachia with a tiny genome in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode

et al. 2022

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Wolbachia symbionts are the most successful host-associated microbes on the planet, infecting arthropods and nematodes. Their role in nematodes is particularly enigmatic, with filarial nematode species either 100% infected and dependent on symbionts for reproduction and development, or not at all infected. We have discovered a highly divergent strain of Wolbachia in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode, Howardula sp., in a nematode clade that has not previously been known to harbour Wolbachia . While this nematode is 100% infected with Wolbachia , we did not detect it in related species. We sequenced the Howardula symbiont ( w How) genome and found that it is highly reduced, comprising only 550 kilobase pairs of DNA, approximately 35% smaller than the smallest Wolbachia nematode symbiont genomes. The w How genome is a subset of all other Wolbachia genomes and has not acquired any new genetic information. While it has lost many genes, including genes involved in cell wall synthesis and cell division, it has retained the entire haem biosynthesis pathway, suggesting that haem supplementation is critical. w How provides key insights into our understanding of what are the lower limits of Wolbachia cells, as well as the role of Wolbachia symbionts in the biology and convergent evolution of diverse parasitic nematodes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

A highly divergent Wolbachia with a tiny genome in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode

et al. 2022

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“…We were unable to amplify Symbiopectobacterium DNA in the related nematodes Fergusobia sp., Parasitylenchus nearcticus, or three unnamed nematodes that infect sphaerocerid flies. Nor did we find any evidence of bacterial endosymbiont infection in electron microscopy studies of allied Hexatylina nematodes, including Deladenus, Thripinema, and Contortylenchus (44)(45)(46), and a very detailed and extensive study of H. husseyi (47) (note that the A B genus Howardula is not monophyletic) (SI Appendix, Fig. S3 B and C).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Multiple origins of obligate nematode and insect symbionts by a clade of bacteria closely related to plant pathogens

Martinson

Gawryluk

Gowen

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Obligate symbioses involving intracellular bacteria have transformed eukaryotic life, from providing aerobic respiration and photosynthesis to enabling colonization of previously inaccessible niches, such as feeding on xylem and phloem, and surviving in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. A major challenge in the study of obligate symbioses is to understand how they arise. Because the best studied obligate symbioses are ancient, it is especially challenging to identify early or intermediate stages. Here we report the discovery of a nascent obligate symbiosis in Howardula aoronymphium, a well-studied nematode parasite of Drosophila flies. We have found that H. aoronymphium and its sister species harbor a maternally inherited intracellular bacterial symbiont. We never find the symbiont in nematode-free flies, and virtually all nematodes in the field and the laboratory are infected. Treating nematodes with antibiotics causes a severe reduction in fly infection success. The association is recent, as more distantly related insect-parasitic tylenchid nematodes do not host these endosymbionts. We also report that the Howardula nematode symbiont is a member of a widespread monophyletic group of invertebrate host-associated microbes that has independently given rise to at least four obligate symbioses, one in nematodes and three in insects, and that is sister to Pectobacterium, a lineage of plant pathogenic bacteria. Comparative genomic analysis of this group, which we name Candidatus Symbiopectobacterium, shows signatures of genome erosion characteristic of early stages of symbiosis, with the Howardula symbiont’s genome containing over a thousand predicted pseudogenes, comprising a third of its genome.

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The morphology and biology of the entomophilicThripinema fuscum(Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the hostFrankliniella fusca(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Cited by 2 publications

References 45 publications

A highly divergent Wolbachia with a tiny genome in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode

A highly divergent Wolbachia with a tiny genome in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode

Multiple origins of obligate nematode and insect symbionts by a clade of bacteria closely related to plant pathogens

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