The morphology of globus pallidus projection neurons in the rat: an intracellular staining study

Kita, Hitoshi; Kita, Shigeo

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91030-8

Cited by 262 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Single cell filling studies have confirmed these suggestions ( Fig. 4 ; Kita & Kitai, 1994 ;Bevan et al 1998). All pallidal neurons give rise to local axon collaterals within the GP and collalteral projections to the STN, EP and SN.…”

Section:     mentioning

confidence: 71%

Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia

Bolam¹,

Hanley²,

Booth³

et al. 2000

Journal of Anatomy

850

638

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The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in a variety of processes including motor, cognitive and mnemonic functions. One of their major roles is to integrate sensorimotor, associative and limbic information in the production of context-dependent behaviours. These roles are exemplified by the clinical manifestations of neurological disorders of the basal ganglia. Recent advances in many fields, including pharmacology, anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology have provided converging data that have led to unifying hypotheses concerning the functional organisation of the basal ganglia in health and disease. The major input to the basal ganglia is derived from the cerebral cortex. Virtually the whole of the cortical mantle projects in a topographic manner onto the striatum, this cortical information is 'processed' within the striatum and passed via the so-called direct and indirect pathways to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, the internal segment of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. The basal ganglia influence behaviour by the projections of these output nuclei to the thalamus and thence back to the cortex, or to subcortical 'premotor' regions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the organisation of these pathways is more complex than previously suggested. Thus the cortical input to the basal ganglia, in addition to innervating the spiny projection neurons, also innervates GABA interneurons, which in turn provide a feed-forward inhibition of the spiny output neurons. Individual neurons of the globus pallidus innervate basal ganglia output nuclei as well as the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars compacta. About one quarter of them also innervate the striatum and are in a position to control the output of the striatum powerfully as they preferentially contact GABA interneurons. Neurons of the pallidal complex also provide an anatomical substrate, within the basal ganglia, for the synaptic integration of functionally diverse information derived from the cortex. It is concluded that the essential concept of the direct and indirect pathways of information flow through the basal ganglia remains intact but that the role of the indirect pathway is more complex than previously suggested and that neurons of the globus pallidus are in a position to control the activity of virtually the whole of the basal ganglia.Key words : Striatum ; globus pallidus ; corticostriatal ; pallidostriatal ; GABA interneurons ; substantia nigra ; synaptic convergence. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in a variety of processes including motor, associative, cognitive and mnemonic functions. The dorsal division of the basal ganglia consists of the striatum (or caudate-putamen), the globus pallidus (GP, external segment of the globus pallidus in primates), entopeduncular nucleus (EP, internal segment of globus pallidus in primates, GPi), the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the substantia nigra Correspondence to Dr J. P. Bolam,

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Section:     mentioning

confidence: 71%

Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia

Bolam¹,

Hanley²,

Booth³

et al. 2000

Journal of Anatomy

850

638

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“…No similar analysis exists for the pallidum, and the distance is assumed to be on the same order of magnitude. The typical size of the dendritic and local axonic trees of pallidal projection neurons is ϳ1000 m (Yelnik et al, , 1997Kita and Kitai, 1994;Bevan et al, 1998;Sato et al, 2000;Parent et al, 2001). It is therefore probable that the two pallidal cells recorded by the same electrode have overlapping axonal/dendritic trees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pairs fulfilled the inclusion criteria (rate stability and refractory period) for 610 -5390 sec (mean Ϯ SD, 1785 Ϯ 1137 sec), and the 60 neurons fired 6531-361,280 spikes (mean Ϯ SD, 79,106 Ϯ 65,223 spikes) during that period. Despite the existence of at least two types of neurons in the pallidum Kita and Kitai, 1994;Sato et al, 2000), all of the recordings were presumed to derive from the high-frequency discharge projection neurons on the basis of their irregular firing pattern, nonbursting discharge, and shortduration action potential (DeLong et al, 1985). In most cases (23 of 33), it was not possible to associate with full confidence one or both members of the pair with the internal or external segments of the pallidum.…”

Section: Autocorrelations and Cross-correlations Of Pallidal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main type of neurons in the pallidum is inhibitory, and these neurons have, in addition to their projection to other brain areas, axonal collaterals within the pallidum (Yelnik et al, , 1997Kita and Kitai, 1994;Bevan et al, 1998;Sato et al, 2000;Parent et al, 2001). Such inhibitory collaterals are expected to generate negative correlations in the spiking activity of neighboring neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Correlations between Neighboring Neurons in the Primate Globus Pallidus Are Weak or Nonexistent

Bar‐Gad¹,

Heimer²,

Ritov³

et al. 2003

J. Neurosci.

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The anatomical structure of the basal ganglia displays topographical organization and massive funneling of neuronal projections toward the globus pallidus as well as an axonal collateral system within this nucleus. This structure suggests the formation of correlations between the spiking activities of pallidal cells. Nevertheless, previous studies of remote neurons in the pallidum have reported uncorrelated spiking activity. These correlation results may be challenged, because remote pallidal neurons may be located in different pallidal territories. To further test the independence of pallidal activity, we studied the spiking activity of neighboring pairs recorded by the same electrodes. A narrow peak dominated the correlations of all pairs of neurons recorded on the same electrode. This type of peak is classically interpreted as a sign of strong common input. However, recent mathematical analysis shows that such peaks may derive from a technical inability to detect overlapping spikes by spike-sorting techniques. A long-term shallow trough in the correlation of neighboring neurons may also result from the same effect, which we have termed the "shadowing effect." A comparison of the expected shadowing effect with the actual correlations suggests that no real correlations exist between 93.9% of neighboring pallidal pairs. The remaining 6.1% of the pairs display symmetric long-term positive correlations centered on time 0. Thus, functional interactions between neighboring pallidal neurons donotdisplayanysignificantdifferencesfromtheinteractionsbetweenphysicallyremoteneuronsinthisbrainarea.Moreover,thecombination of anatomical data and current physiological results suggests an active decorrelating process performed in the basal ganglia.

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“…GP function is mainly controlled by GABAergic input from the striatum (François et al, 1984;Kita and Kitai, 1994), GABAergic collaterals of neighboring GP neurons (Sato et al, 2000), and glutamatergic inputs from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) (Smith and Parent, 1988). Several studies have shown that short-term depression (STD) evoked by extracellular stimulation can affect firing dynamics in GP neurons in vitro by altering the timing of GP spiking (Rav-Acha et al, 2005;Sims et al, 2008;Miguelez et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Modulation of Action Potential Firing by a Unitary GABAergic Connection in the Globus Pallidus In Vitro

Bugaysen¹,

Bar‐Gad

Korngreen

2013

Journal of Neuroscience

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The firing patterns of neurons in the globus pallidus (GP) are affected by two major sources of GABAergic inhibition: striatal afferents and local axon collaterals. Local GABAergic GP-GP synapses display short-term depression (STD) and very sparse connectivity. At the high presynaptic firing rates typical in the GP, one would expect this STD to be complete, practically canceling the postsynaptic impact of the synapse. To investigate the apparent paradox of a synapse not affecting its postsynaptic neuron, we performed dual whole-cell recordings in acute brain slices from rats and recorded, for the first time, unitary IPSPs from a GP-GP GABAergic connection. We show that at high presynaptic firing rates the unitary connection continuously modulates the postsynaptic firing rate through a combination of large chloride driving force, unitary IPSP summation, and incomplete synaptic depression. Our findings indicate that, despite substantial STD and sparse connectivity, local GABAergic axon collaterals in the GP may echo the changes in presynaptic firing frequency across postsynaptic targets.

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The morphology of globus pallidus projection neurons in the rat: an intracellular staining study

Cited by 262 publications

References 21 publications

Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia

Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia

Functional Correlations between Neighboring Neurons in the Primate Globus Pallidus Are Weak or Nonexistent

Continuous Modulation of Action Potential Firing by a Unitary GABAergic Connection in the Globus Pallidus In Vitro

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