The Mouton Atlas of Languages and Cultures

Carling, Gerd; Abregov, Acherdan; Aliyev, Elnur; Avidzba, Leila; Cathcart, Chundra; Chukhua, Merab; Cronhamn, Sandra; Farren, Robert; Frid, Johan; Goergens, Anne; Greidanus, Josien; Gvantszeladze, Teimuraz; Hammarström, Harald; Holmer, Arthur; Johansson, Niklas; Khalilov, Madzhid; Kuckovic, Edin; Larsson, Filip; Larsson, Karin; Lomadze, Tamar; Novén, Mikael; Petrović, Ante; Round, Erich R.; Söderqvist, Kajsa; Tchantouria, Revaz; Tetradze, Maka; Tuptsokova, Larisa; Vamling, Karina; Epps, Briana Van; Verhoeven, Rob; Wikander, Ola; Zimmermann, A.

doi:10.1515/9783110367416

2019

DOI: 10.1515/9783110367416

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The Mouton Atlas of Languages and Cultures

Gerd Carling¹,

Acherdan Abregov²,

Elnur Aliyev³

et al.

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Cited by 4 publications

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Gender Assignment in Six North Scandinavian Languages: Patterns of Variation and Change

2021

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This study addresses gender assignment in six North Scandinavian varieties with a three-gender system: Old Norse, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Old Swedish, Nysvenska, Jamtlandic, and Elfdalian. Focusing on gender variation and change, we investigate the role of various factors in gender change. Using the contemporary Swedish varieties Jamtlandic and Elfdalian as a basis, we compare gender assignment in other North Scandinavian languages, tracing the evolution back to Old Norse. The data consist of 1,300 concepts from all six languages coded for cognacy, gender, and morphological and semantic variation. Our statistical analysis shows that the most important factors in gender change are the Old Norse weak/strong inflection, Old Norse gender, animate/inanimate distinction, word frequency, and loan status. From Old Norse to modern languages, phonological assignment principles tend to weaken, due to the general loss of word-final endings. Feminine words are more susceptible to changing gender, and the tendency to lose the feminine is noticeable even in the varieties in our study upholding the three-gender system. Further, frequency is significantly correlated with unstable gender. In semantics, only the animate/inanimate distinction signifi-cantly predicts gender assignment and stability. In general, our study confirms the decay of the feminine gender in the Scandinavian branch of Germanic.

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Gender Assignment in Six North Scandinavian Languages: Patterns of Variation and Change

2021

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Evolutionary dynamics of Indo-European alignment patterns

Carling

Cathcart

2021

DIA

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This paper employs phylogenetic modeling to reconstruct the alignment system of Indo-European. We use a data set of categorical morphosyntactic features, which take states such as ‘nominative-accusative’, ‘active-stative’, or ‘ergative’. We analyze these characters with a standard Bayesian comparative phylogenetic method, inferring transition rates between character states on the basis of a phylogenetic representation of the languages in the data. Using these rates, we then reconstruct the probability of presence of traits at the root and nodes of Indo-European. We find that the most probable alignment system for Proto-Indo-European is a nominative-accusative system, with low probabilities of neutral marking and ergativity in the categories lower in grammatical hierarchies (nouns, past). Using a test of phylogenetic signal, we find that characters pertaining to categories higher in hierarchies show greater phylogenetic stability than categories lower in hierarchies. We examine our results in relation to theories of Proto-Indo-European alignment as well as to general typology.

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Correlated grammaticalization

Goldstein

2022

DIA

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Grammaticalization is characterized by robust directional asymmetries (e.g., Kuteva et al. 2019). For instance, body-part nominals develop into spatial adpositions, minimizers develop into negation markers and subject pronouns become agreement markers. Changes in the opposite direction are either rare or unattested (Garrett 2012: 52). Such robust cross-linguistic asymmetries have led some scholars to reify grammaticalization trajectories as universal mechanistic forces (Heath 1998: 729). One consequence of such a view is that the ambient morphosyntax of a language has little or even no relevance for grammaticalization. This paper uses Bayesian phylogenetic methods to demonstrate the critical role that pre-existing morphosyntax can play in grammaticalization. The empirical basis for this claim is the grammaticalization of definite and indefinite articles in the history of Indo-European: indefinite articles developed at a faster rate among languages in which a definite article had already emerged compared to those lacking a definite article. The two changes are thus correlated. The results of this case study suggest that there is much more to be learned about when and why grammaticalization occurs by investigating its relationship to the pre-existing linguistic system (cf. Reinöhl and Himmelmann 2017: 381).

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The Mouton Atlas of Languages and Cultures

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Gender Assignment in Six North Scandinavian Languages: Patterns of Variation and Change

Gender Assignment in Six North Scandinavian Languages: Patterns of Variation and Change

Evolutionary dynamics of Indo-European alignment patterns

Correlated grammaticalization

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