“….. 7 Haley (1962Haley ( , 1963 and Pierskalla (1968) Koopmans and Beckmann (1957) also formulated this problem, and later Gilmore (1962), Lawler (1975), Land (1963, Hillier and Connors (1967), Bowman et al (1971), Pierce and Crowston (1971), Gerrard (1976, 1979) and Los (1978) "* carried out further work on quadratic assignment problems (QAP).…”