The multifactorial burden of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus: a study from clinical settings of University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is a multifactorial disease posing a socioeconomic threat to the worldwide community. The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is continuously increasing in Pakistan and becoming a serious concern for the general public as well as concerned clinicians. This case-control study aimed to analyze the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with T2DM in the Pakistani population.
 Methodology: A structured questionnaire was filled by the T2DM patients attending the diabetic clinic at Dow University Hospital. Non-diabetic subjects were recruited from the general population. Participants were questioned regarding their age, body mass index (BMI), educational status, diabetes management practices and comorbidities associated with T2DM. 
 Results: Our results suggest that BMI, gender, increasing age, educational status are significantly associated with T2DM. Our data also suggested that approximately 80% of T2DM patients had at least one comorbidity, whereas 59 % had two or more comorbidities. The most prevalent comorbidities found in our study group were in the order of Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) (15.8 %), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (14.4 %), Bone disease (14 %) and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (12.6 %) respectively.
 Conclusion: Compared to worldwide data, our results are in accordance with the global prevalence with respect to age, gender and BMI, with CKD being the most prevalent comorbidity in contrast to CVD found worldwide.

Subclinical lower limb Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A cross-sectional study.

“…High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been shown in a study conducted in Eastern India, where results showed that 53% of patients had asymptomatic mild PAD and 14% had moderate PAD 15 . Another study conducted in Natal, Brazil, showed peripheral arterial disease in 13.7% of patients who had Diabetes Mellitus 16 . Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease has been linked with higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.…”

“…Asian ethnicity and late diagnosis of diabetes Mellitus in our setup could be the cause for our findings. Assessment of largevessel PAD prevalence in patients with clinical features of PAD will dramatically underestimate the true large-vessel PAD prevalence 16 . Detection of Peripheral arterial disease at the early subclinical stage can be a double edge sword, as it may be used as a surrogate marker for the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and identify patients who need early treatment and intervention, but at the same time may lead to overtreatment and may not prove to be costeffective.…”

Comparison of Clinical Outcome in Surgically Treated Radial Styloid Fracture: K-Wire Vs Screw Fixation

“…Diabetes increases the risk of complications like cardiovascular disease, which is one of the leading causes of death globally. 1,2 A local study reveals that among diabetic patients frequency of generalized anxiety disorder was 14.4% and cardiovascular disease was 12.6% 3 . Different studies showed that the stress ranges from 25.5% to 37.4% among diabetic patients the prevalence of anxiety and depression was higher than stress level.…”

Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…It is estimated that by 2025, there will be around 380 million diabetics and 418 million people with impaired glucose tolerance worldwide 2 . Diabetes complications, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy, result in increased disability, decreased life expectancy, and enormous health costs for almost every society 3 . According to the most recent IDF Atlas 2, in Pakistan, 33 million people live with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, making it the third largest diabetes population in the world 4 .…”