“…In particular, in 𝑑 = 1, the bilinear circular maximal function behaves very differently from all its higher dimensional analogues. For instance, the boundedness result for obtained in [28] only applies in 𝑑 ⩾ 2, and such Lebesgue space bounds in 𝑑 = 1 were only very recently obtained, independently, in [13,20] via somewhat similar approaches involving parametrizing pieces of the circle. For the single scale operators, the study of the 𝐿 𝑝 improving estimates for 𝑡 in 𝑑 = 1 was initiated by Oberlin [36] several decades ago but one still only has limited knowledge on the optimal range for such estimates (see [3,42]).…”