“…Similarly, Bray (2003, p. 27) also emphasizes ways in which teachers abuse their position over their students for personal gains as corruption; for example, withholding contents and accepting a bribe to promote students to the next grade. Subsequent literature (i.e., Banfield, Richmond, & McCroskey, 2006;Kelsey, Kearney, Plax, Allen, & Ritter, 2004;Zhang, 2007;Zhang, Zhang, & Castelluccio, 2011) also highlights how professional misconduct interferes in students' learning as well as impacts on parents' trust in teachers' profession and schools (Liu & Bray, 2020;Page, 2016). Furthermore, professional misconduct spawns not only the poor quality of education at the mainstream schools but also puts students whose families are unable to pay teachers for these extra services at a disadvantage.…”