“…Ewald's method [15] is the most frequently used. Multipole expansion methods [16], fast Fourier transformations (FFTs) [17], the MMM method [18], multi-scale fast summations [19], and the Lekner summation [20] are well-known methods developed in recent years. Current research studies involving these methods are focused on finding ways to determine the sum of the long-range interaction energies accurately and quickly considering periodic boundary conditions.…”