2021
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2105.06148
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The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider

Johannes Albrecht,
Lorenzo Cazon,
Hans Dembinski
et al.

Abstract: High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth's atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which eventually decay into muons. The muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant … Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…Simulations reasonably reproduce many air shower features, but there is a longstanding deficit in the number of muons produced in air showers, which was first observed by the HiRes-MIA experiment more than 20 years ago [340]. Since then, both simulations and experiments have made enormous progress, but the Muon Puzzle persists [341]. The most unambiguous experimental evidence of the deficit was revealed in the analysis of Auger data [342,343].…”
Section: A Cosmic Ray Physics and The Muon Puzzlementioning
confidence: 96%
“…Simulations reasonably reproduce many air shower features, but there is a longstanding deficit in the number of muons produced in air showers, which was first observed by the HiRes-MIA experiment more than 20 years ago [340]. Since then, both simulations and experiments have made enormous progress, but the Muon Puzzle persists [341]. The most unambiguous experimental evidence of the deficit was revealed in the analysis of Auger data [342,343].…”
Section: A Cosmic Ray Physics and The Muon Puzzlementioning
confidence: 96%
“…The muon puzzle constitutes an excess of muons at the ground level, measured in extensive air showers stemming from primaries with energies above 10 PeV. This excess is seen compared to state-of-the-art simulations, and has a significance of 8σ [651]. This muon deficit becomes apparent in cosmic ray interactions with centre-of-mass energies around the TeV scale, suggesting that the origin of this excess could be observable at the LHC.…”
Section: The Muon Puzzlementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite the recently obtained hints of a possible solution to the Muon Puzzle in future experiments at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [53], this problems stays unresolved to this day. And besides the discrepancy between model predictions and experimental data, there is a mismatch between different experiments.…”
Section: Muon Component Of Extensive Air Showersmentioning
confidence: 99%