The Mutual Impact of Demand Response Programs and Renewable Energies: A Survey

Abstract

Renewable energies as a solution for environmental issues have always been a key research area due to Demand Response Programs (DRPs). However, the intermittent nature of such energies may cause economic and technological challenges for Independent System Operators (ISOs) besides DRPs, since the acceptable effective solution may exceed the requirement of further investigations. Although, previous studies emphasized employing Demand Response and Renewable Energies in power systems, each problem was investigated independently, and there have been few studies which have investigated these problems simultaneously. In these recent studies, authors neither analyzed these problems simultaneously nor discussed which scientific and practical aspects of demand response and renewable energy injection were employed. Motivated by this requirement, this research has focused on a comprehensive review of recent research of these cases to provide a comprehensive reference for future works.

Impact Analysis of Survivability-Oriented Demand Response on Islanded Operation of Networked Microgrids with High Penetration of Renewables

“…The constraints of dispatchable generators are given by Equations (8)- (12). Equation (8) indicates the maximum and minimum generation bounds of gth CDG on side X.…”

“…Commitment status can be used to determine the startup and shutdown status of that particular CDG. Equation (12) indicates that simultaneous start-up and shutdown of the same generator is not allowed.…”

“…Similarly, incentive-based DR programs are also applied to microgrids, where the consumers are incentivized to reduce their load profiles during DR triggered intervals [10,11]. Customers may also be incentivized to inject more power into the network during DR triggered intervals via their local generations [12]. Both types of DR programs are widely applied to grid-connected microgrids to reduce the operation cost of the microgrids [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Customers may also be incentivized to inject more power into the network during DR triggered intervals via their local generations [12]. Both types of DR programs are widely applied to grid-connected microgrids to reduce the operation cost of the microgrids [8][9][10][11][12].…”

Multi-Objective Market Clearing Model with an Autonomous Demand Response Scheme

“…The active participation of customers in modern electricity markets is considered as a potentially high impact with relatively low-cost alternative to achieve efficient and cost-effective operation [1]. In this regard, estimation of the flexible portion of demand due to both the technical ability to respond and a customer's eagerness is very crucial [2,3]. The challenges and benefits to each market entity using DR services are presented in [4].…”