The myelo-erythroid nature of the chloragogenous-like tissues of the annelids

Fischer, E.

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(93)90237-x

“…Although overall knowledge is fragmentary, it has been suggested that hematopoiesis in annelids is carried out by visceral as well as somatic mesoderm ( Hartenstein 2006 ; Grigorian and Hartenstein 2013 ). In various polychaete species, it was localized in particular in the (extravasal) chloragogen tissue, the (intravasal) heart body ( Potswald 1969 ; Friedman and Weiss 1980 ; Braunbeck and Dales 1984 ; Fischer 1993 ), or the somatic peritoneum ( Eckelbarger 1976 ). Our data support the production of hemoglobin in the trophosome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Insights on Obligate Symbiont Lifestyle and Adaptation to Chemosynthetic Environment as Revealed by the Giant Tubeworm Genome

Oliveira

¹

,

Mitchell

²

,

Girguis

³

et al. 2021

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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The mutualism between the giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its endosymbiont Candidatus Endoriftia persephone has been extensively researched over the past 40 years. However, the lack of the host whole genome information has impeded the full comprehension of the genotype/phenotype interface in Riftia. Here we described the high-quality draft genome of Riftia, its complete mitogenome, and tissue-specific transcriptomic data. The Riftia genome presents signs of reductive evolution, with gene family contractions exceeding expansions. Expanded gene families are related to sulphur metabolism, detoxification, anti-oxidative stress, oxygen transport, immune system, and lysosomal digestion, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to the vent environment and endosymbiosis. Despite the derived body plan, the developmental gene repertoire in the gutless tubeworm is extremely conserved with the presence of a near intact and complete Hox cluster. Gene expression analyses establishes that the trophosome is a multi-functional organ marked by intracellular digestion of endosymbionts, storage of excretory products and haematopoietic functions. Overall, the plume and gonad tissues both in contact to the environment harbour highly expressed genes involved with cell cycle, programmed cell death, and immunity indicating a high cell turnover and defence mechanisms against pathogens. We posit that the innate immune system plays a more prominent role into the establishment of the symbiosis during the infection in the larval stage, rather than maintaining the symbiostasis in the trophosome. This genome bridges four decades of physiological research in Riftia, whilst simultaneously provides new insights into the development, whole organism functions and evolution in the giant tubeworm.

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“…For instance, the chloragogenous tissue accumulates wastes produced by digestion and can sequester metals (Lapied et al, 2010;Morgan and Morgan, 1993;Vijver et al, 2004). Moreover, chloragogenous tissue plays a role in earthworm immunity (Fischer, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation, speciation and localization of silver nanoparticles in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Courtois¹,

Rorat²,

Lemière³

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in agriculture and many consumer products has led to significant release of Ag in the environment. Although Ag toxicity in terrestrial organisms has been studied extensively, very little is known about the accumulation capacity and coping mechanisms of organisms in Agcontaminated soil. In this context, we exposed Eisenia fetida earthworms to artificial OECD soil spiked with a range of concentrations of Ag (AgNPs or AgNO 3 ). The main aims were to (1) identify the location and form of accumulation of Ag in the exposed earthworms and (2) better understand the physiological mechanisms involved in Ag detoxification. The results showed that similar doses of AgNPs or AgNO 3 did not have the same effect on E. fetida survival. The two forms of Ag added to soil exhibited substantial differences in speciation at the end of exposure, but the Ag speciation and content of Ag in earthworms were similar, suggesting that biotransformation of Ag occurred. Finally, 3D images of intact earthworms obtained by X-ray micro-computed tomography revealed that Ag accumulated preferentially in the chloragogen tissue, coelomocytes and nephridial epithelium.Thus, E. fetida bioaccumulates Ag, but a regulation mechanism limit its impact in a very efficient manner. The location of Ag in the organism, the competition between Ag and Cu, and the speciation of internal Ag suggest a link between Ag and the thiol-rich proteins that are widely present in these tissues, most probably metallothioneins, which are key proteins in the sequestration and detoxification of metals.

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“…Although, overall knowledge is fragmentary it has been suggested that haematopoiesis in annelids is carried out by visceral as well as somatic mesoderm (Hartenstein 2006;Grigorian and Hartenstein 2013). In various polychaete species it was localized in particular in the (extravasal) chloragogen tissue, the (intravasal) heart body (Potswald 1969;Friedman and Weiss 1980;Braunbeck and Dales 1984;Fischer 1993) or the somatic peritoneum (Eckelbarger 1976). Our data unambiguously support the production of haemoglobin in the trophosome.…”

Section: From Phenotype To Genotype and Backmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel insights on obligate symbiont lifestyle and adaptation to chemosynthetic environment as revealed by the giant tubeworm genome

Oliveira

¹

,

Mitchell

²

,

Girguis

³

et al. 2021

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mutualism between the giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its endosymbiont Candidatus Endoriftia persephone has been extensively researched over the past 40 years. However, the lack of the host whole genome information has impeded the full comprehension of the genotype/phenotype interface in Riftia. Here we described the high-quality draft genome of Riftia, its complete mitogenome, and tissue-specific transcriptomic data. The Riftia genome presents signs of reductive evolution, with gene family contractions exceeding expansions. Expanded gene families are related to sulphur metabolism, detoxification, anti-oxidative stress, oxygen transport, immune system, and lysosomal digestion, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to the vent environment and endosymbiosis. Despite the derived body plan, the developmental gene repertoire in the gutless tubeworm is extremely conserved with the presence of a near intact and complete Hox cluster. Gene expression analyses establishes that the trophosome is a multi-functional organ marked by intracellular digestion of endosymbionts, storage of excretory products and haematopoietic functions. Overall, the plume and gonad tissues both in contact to the environment harbour highly expressed genes involved with cell cycle, programmed cell death, and immunity indicating a high cell turnover and defence mechanisms against pathogens. We posit that the innate immune system plays a more prominent role into the establishment of the symbiosis during the infection in the larval stage, rather than maintaining the symbiostasis in the trophosome. This genome bridges four decades of physiological research in Riftia, whilst simultaneously provides new insights into the development, whole organism functions and evolution in the giant tubeworm.

show abstract

The myelo-erythroid nature of the chloragogenous-like tissues of the annelids

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Novel Insights on Obligate Symbiont Lifestyle and Adaptation to Chemosynthetic Environment as Revealed by the Giant Tubeworm Genome

Novel Insights on Obligate Symbiont Lifestyle and Adaptation to Chemosynthetic Environment as Revealed by the Giant Tubeworm Genome

Accumulation, speciation and localization of silver nanoparticles in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Novel insights on obligate symbiont lifestyle and adaptation to chemosynthetic environment as revealed by the giant tubeworm genome

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