The myodural bridge existing in the Nephocaena phocaenoides

Liu, Pei; Li, Chan; Zheng, Nan; Xu, Qingyang; Yu, Sheng-Bo; Sui, Hong-Jin

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173630

Cited by 16 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The MDB has been found in the suboccipital region of quadrupedal terrestrial mammals, which includes cats, rats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, macaques, and mandrill [ 25 ], as well as one reptilian species (the siamensis crocodile) [ 26 ]. Regarding marine mammals, we recently confirmed the existence of the MDB in the finless porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides ) [ 27 ]. In this study, we confirmed the existence of the MDB in the sperm whale via multiple research methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The fact that MDB exists universally in mammals has been reported only in a few studies so far. Our previous studies have proved the existence of the MDB in seven terrestrial mammal orders [ 25 ], one reptilian species (the siamensis crocodile) [ 26 ] and six finless porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides ) [ 27 ]. The objective of this study is to examine the morphology of the MDB within other marine mammals and to discuss possible physiological functions from an evolutionary perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The myodural bridges' existence in the sperm whale

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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Recent studies have identified that the myodural bridge (MDB) is located between the suboccipital muscles and cervical dura mater in the posterior atlanto-occipital interspace within humans. The myodural bridge has been considered to have a significant role in physiological functions. However, there is little information about the myodural bridge in marine mammals; we conducted this study to investigate and examine the morphology of the myodural bridge in a sperm whale. We also aim to discuss the physiological functions of the myodural bridge. In this study, a 15.1-meter long sperm whale carcass was examined. Multiple methods were conducted to examine the bridges of the sperm whale which included dissection, P45 plastination and histological analysis. This study confirmed the existence of the myodural bridge in the sperm whale and shows there are two types of the bridge in the sperm whale: one type was the occipital-dural bridge (ODB), the other type was the MDB. A large venous plexus was found within the epidural space and this venous plexus is thought to contain a great amount of blood when in deep water and thus the movements of suboccipital muscles could be a unique power source that drives cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The myodural bridges' existence in the sperm whale

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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“…The myodural bridge (MDB) is a connective tissue band that connects the suboccipital muscles and nuchal ligament (NL) with the cervical spinal dura mater (SDM) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. It has been recently confirmed as a conserved structure in mammals [7][8][9]. The MDB has a critical role in transmitting tensile force from its muscular and ligamentous components to the SDM, which has an essential role in the etiology of headache and cervicocephalic pain syndrome [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between the sectional area of the rectus capitis posterior minor and the to be named ligament from 3D MR imaging

Sun

Han

Wang

et al. 2020

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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Background: To evaluate the maximal sectional area (SA) of the rectus capitis posterior minor (RCPmi) muscle and its potential correlation with to be named ligament (TBNL) in the suboccipital area using 3D MR imaging. Methods: A total of 365 subjects underwent sagittal 3D T 2 WI MR imaging of the RCPmi and TBNL. Among them, 45 subjects were excluded due to a particular clinical history or poor image quality. Finally, 320 subjects met the inclusion criteria, including 138 men and 182 women. The 624 RCPmi muscles were classified into positive and negative groups according to their attachment to the TBNL. Two experienced radiologists manually measured the maximum SA of the RCPmi muscle on the parasagittal image with a 30°deviation from the median sagittal plane. The correlations between the SA and the subject's age, height, BMI, gender, handedness, and age-related disc degeneration were tested by Spearman analysis. The SA differences between different groups were compared using independent samples t-test. Results: A total of 123 RCPmi-TBNL attachments were identified in the positive group, while 501 RCPmi muscles were identified in the negative group. The SA of the 624 RCPmi muscles was 62.71 ± 28.72 mm 2 and was poorly correlated with the subject's age, BMI, or handedness, with no correlation with age-related disc degeneration. A fair correlation was found between the SA and the body height in the whole group, and poor correlation in each male/female group. The SA of the RCPmi muscle in males was significantly bigger than that in women ([75.54 ± 29.17] vs. [52.74 ± 24.07] mm 2). The SA of RCPmi muscle in the positive group was significantly smaller than that in the negative group ([55.95 ± 26.76] mm 2 vs. [64.37 ± 28.97] mm 2). Conclusions: Our results revealed a significantly smaller SA of the RCPmi in subjects with RCPmi-TBNL attachment. Besides, a larger SA of the RCPmi was correlated with the male gender. These findings suggest that the SA of the RCPmi ought to be interpreted with care for each patient since there could be considerable variations.

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“…According to rencent reports, MDB dysfunction may occur with pathological conditions of the RCPmi muscle, resulting in the generation of cervicogenic headache, and other craniofacial disorders [13][14][15][16][17]. In recent years, researchers have found that the MDB is a universal structure in mammals [18], including marine mammals (Nephocaena phocaenoides and sperm whales) [19,20]. The MDB also exists in reptiles (Siamese crocodile and Trachemys scripta elegans) [21,22], as well as in birds (Rock pigeons and Gallus domesticus) [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Existence and Features of the Myodural Bridge in Gentoo Penguins: a morphological study

Chen

Chi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Recent studies have evidenced that the anatomical structure now known as the myodural bridge (MDB) connects the suboccipital musculature to the cervical spinal dura mater (SDM). In humans, the MDB passes through both the posterior atlanto-occipital and the posterior atlanto-axial interspaces. The present authors suggest that the MDB has important physiological functions in humans. The existence of the MDB in various mammals, including flying birds (Rock pigeons and Gallus domesticus) has been previously validated. Gentoo penguins are marine birds, able to make 450 dives per day, reaching depths of up to 660 feet. Gentoo penguins are also the world’s fastest diving birds. The present study was therefore carried out to investigate the existence and characteristics of the MDB in Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), a non-flying, marine bird that can dive. While foraging, this penguin is able to reach speeds of up to 22 miles per hour. For this study, six Gentoo penguin specimens were dissected to observe the existence and composition of their MDB. Histological staining was also performed to analyze the anatomic relationships and characteristic of the MDB in the Gentoo penguin. In this study, it was found that the suboccipital musculature in the Gentoo penguin consists of the rectus capitis dorsalis minor (RCDmi) muscle and rectus capitis dorsalis major (RCDma) muscle. Dense connective tissue fibers were observed connecting these two suboccipital muscles to the spinal dura mater (SDM). This dense connective tissue bridge consists of primarily type I collagen fibers. Thus, this penguin’s MDB appears to be analogous to the MDB previously observed in humans. The present study evidences that the MDB not only exists in penguins but it also has unique features that distinguishes it from that of flying birds. Thus, this study advances the understanding of the morphological characteristics of the MDB in flightless, marine birds.

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The myodural bridge existing in the Nephocaena phocaenoides

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

The myodural bridges' existence in the sperm whale

The myodural bridges' existence in the sperm whale

Relationship between the sectional area of the rectus capitis posterior minor and the to be named ligament from 3D MR imaging

Existence and Features of the Myodural Bridge in Gentoo Penguins: a morphological study

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