“…In this context, on the one hand, research has been carried out in primary education on early learning of statistics and probability, these studies involve aspects of informal inferential reasoning (IIR), literacy and statistical reasoning (e.g., Vasquez & Alsina, 2019;Vidal-Szabó et al, 2020). On the other hand, studies have been carried out in secondary education on IIR (e.g., Estrella et al, 2023), elements of informal inference have been identified in eighth grade mathematics textbooks (Sanchez & Ruiz, 2022) and on inferential reasoning with mathematics teachers (e.g., Lugo-Armenta & Pino-Fan, 2021c, 2022. Some proposals have developed on novel ways of addressing inference, both from the standpoint of informal inference and from a movement toward formal inference.…”