“…TQM is considered as a thorough management approach, which consists of intertwined system of improvement practices, tools, and training in desire to manage a business in ever-changing environment with objective to ensure reduced challenges, increased success, and customer satisfaction through quality (Ali & Johl, 2021;Bhamra et al, 2020;de Souza et al, 2021;Dieste et al, 2021;Haffar et al, 2021;Hsu et al, 2021;Jasti et al, 2021;Jevanesan et al, 2021;Karamouz et al, 2020;Kulenovic et al, 2021;Niñerola et al, 2021;Permana et al, 2021;Sader et al, 2021;Tsou et al, 2021;van Kemenade, 2021;Wemmerlöv, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). TQM is premised on four paradigms (van Kemenade, 2021): (a) empirical; (b) reflective; (c) reference; and (d) emergence.…”