The N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict monitoring not response inhibition

Donkers, Franc C. L.; Boxtel, G.J.M. van

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.04.005

Cited by 656 publications

(601 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Based on these ERP results and source localization analyses, Nieuwenhuis et al (2003) suggested that the N2 observed in Go/No-go tasks reflects response conflict. Donkers and van Boxtel (2004) also tested the conflict hypothesis in a sample of young adults (N=13; M=21 years old, range 18-32; 6 women) with two tasks, including visual Go/No-go and visual go/GO tasks. In the Go/No-go task, the participants were asked to withhold the response to the "No-go" stimuli.…”

Section: Erps For Inhibition Between 200 and 400 Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The "Nogo" P3 amplitude was larger than the "GO" P3 amplitude. Therefore, Donkers and van Boxtel (2004) suggested that the "No-go" P3 might index response inhibition. Consistent with Nieuwenhuis et al's (2003) results, the "No-go" N2 and the "GO" N2 amplitudes were higher in the 80% "go" probability condition compared with the 50% "go" probability.…”

Section: Erps For Inhibition Between 200 and 400 Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consistent with Nieuwenhuis et al's (2003) results, the "No-go" N2 and the "GO" N2 amplitudes were higher in the 80% "go" probability condition compared with the 50% "go" probability. Therefore, Donkers and van Boxtel (2004) suggested that the No-go N2 is primarily associated with conflict monitoring and any association of the No-go N2 with inhibition is limited. Smith et al (2007) suggested that the No-go N2 is not related to inhibition or conflict processes.…”

Section: Erps For Inhibition Between 200 and 400 Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, ERP studies that have compared auditory and visual modalities of the Stop-signal and Go/No-go tasks have suggested that the N2 reflects modality specific processes (e.g., smaller N2 amplitude in auditory compared with visual Stop-signal trials), whereas the P3 reflects processes that are independent of stimulus modality (Falkenstein et al 1999(Falkenstein et al , 2002Ramautar et al 2006 Smith et al 2008). ERP studies that have manipulated the probability of inhibition-related stimuli (e.g., compared conditions with low, equal and high probability Stop-signal trials) and explored the sequence effects in inhibition paradigms have also helped to characterize the processes that are associated with N2 and P3 (Bruin and Wijers 2002;Nieuwenhuis et al 2003;Donkers and van Boxtel 2004;Ramautar et al 2004;Smith et al 2007; A. Dimoska and Johnstone 2008;Smith et al 2010).…”

Section: Inhibition and Sensory Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations

et al. 2014

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In the previous fifteen years, a variety of experimental paradigms and methods have been employed to study inhibition. In the current review, we analyze studies that have used the high temporal resolution of the event-related potential (ERP) technique to identify the temporal course of inhibition to understand the various processes that contribute to inhibition. ERP studies with a focus on normal aging are specifically analyzed because they contribute to a deeper understanding of inhibition. Three time windows are proposed to organize the ERP data collected using inhibition paradigms: the 200 ms period following stimulus onset; the period between 200 and 400 ms after stimulus onset; and the period between 400 and 800 ms after stimulus onset. In the first 200 ms, ERP inhibition research has primarily focused on N1 and P1 as the ERP components associated with inhibition. The inhibitory processing in the second time window has been associated with the N2 and P3 ERP components. Finally, in the third time window, inhibition has primarily been associated with the N400 and N450 ERP components. Source localization studies are analyzed to examine 2 the association between the inhibition processes that are indexed by the ERP components and their functional brain areas. Inhibition can be organized in a complex functional structure that is not constrained to a specific time point but, rather, extends its activity through different time windows. This review characterizes inhibition as a set of processes rather than a unitary process.

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Section: Erps For Inhibition Between 200 and 400 Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Erps For Inhibition Between 200 and 400 Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Erps For Inhibition Between 200 and 400 Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inhibition and Sensory Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations

et al. 2014

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“…This fi nding is signifi cant because ERP studies examining motor stopping consistently report enhanced N2 components for stopping, such as the no-go N2 (Bekker et al, 2005 ;Bokura et al, 2001 ;Donkers & van Boxtel, 2004 ;Eimer, 1993 ;Falkenstein et al, 1999 ;Garavan et al, 2002 ) and the stop signal N2 (Band & van Boxtel, 1999 ;Logan et al, 1994 ;Schmajuk et al, 2006 ;van Boxtel et al, 2001 ;Ramautar et al, 2004 ) . For example, Mecklinger et al ( 2009 ) found signifi cantly larger N2 for Suppress items in comparison to Respond items, and, importantly found this effect to be especially pronounced for Suppress items that were later forgotten on an independent probe test.…”

Section: Electrophsyiological Indices Of Retrieval Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Cognitive and Neurobiological Model of Motivated Forgetting

Anderson

Huddleston

2011

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation

153

149

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Historically, research on forgetting has been dominated by the assumption that forgetting is passive, refl ecting decay, interference, and changes in context. This emphasis arises from the pervasive assumption that forgetting is a negative outcome. Here, we present a functional view of forgetting in which the fate of experience in memory is determined as much by motivational forces that dictate the focus of attention as it is by passive factors. A central tool of motivated forgetting is retrieval suppression, a process whereby people shut down episodic retrieval to control awareness. We review behavioral, neurobiological, and clinical research and show that retrieval suppression leads us to forget suppressed experiences. We discuss key questions necessary to address to develop this model, relationships to other forgetting phenomena, and the implications of this research for understanding recovered memories. This work provides a foundation for understanding how motivational forces infl uence what we remember of life experience.

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