The Natural and Commercial Sources of Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Review Study

Abstract

Bone is considered the core unit that forms the human body’s skeleton, consisting primarily of hydroxyapatite (HA) and collagen (Col). The composites of hydroxyapatite/collagen had been prepared through different fabricated techniques and were used in many bone defects as biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. The incorporation of HA and collagen is possible due to the biocompatibility of collagen and the high mechanical properties of the HA. HA/Col composites have been used in many medical and biological fields. Current study have been discussed the synthesis and characterization techniques of HA/Col composites; the study have been included to study the cytotoxicity and cell attachment of the composites, along with their applications, as well as barriers that still remain to their successful development for clinical application.

Recent advances of collagen composite biomaterials for biomedical engineering: antibacterial functionalization and 3D-printed architecturalization

“…Furthermore, research has been conducted to fix Col onto Au NPs via in situ chemical reduction and then combine it with HAp to form composite materials for bone tissue regeneration [92]. Ti-HAp/ Col composite material had high antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [93]. The good biocompatibility between antibacterial ZnSi/HAp/Col scaffold and bone marrow stromal cells contributed to bone tissue regeneration [94].…”

Review of the Green Composite: Importance of Biopolymers, Uses and Challenges

“…Prevention, atom economy, less hazardous chemical synthesis, designing safer chemicals, use of safer chemicals and auxiliaries, design for energy efficiency, use of renewable feedstocks, reduction of derivatives, catalysis, design for degradation, real-time analysis for pollution prevention, and safer chemistry for accident prevention are among these principles. Green chemistry is founded on these tenets [164][165][166][167].…”

Foramen Magnum – A Study on Its Morphometry Among the South Indian Population

“…The foramen is located in the most inferior portion of the cranial fossa as a part of the occipital bone. Bone defects and fractures can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency [1], Morphometrical studies help in identifying bone defects [2]. The contents of the foramen include the medulla oblongata, meninges, spinal root of cranial nerve XI, vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membrane, and alar ligaments [3].…”