The natural history study of preclinical genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD): A prospective longitudinal study protocol

Abstract

Background Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is the most common prion disease in humans causing a rapidly progressive neurological decline and dementia and is invariably fatal. The familial forms (genetic CJD, gCJD) are caused by mutations in the PRNP gene encoding for the prion protein (PrP). In Israel, there is a large cluster of gCJD cases, carriers of an E200K mutation in the PRNP gene, and therefore the largest population of at-risk individuals in the world. The mutation is not necessarily sufficient for the formation and accumulation of the pathological prion protein (PrPsc), suggesting that other, genetic and non-genetic factors affect the age at symptoms onset. Here we present the protocol of a cross-sectional and longitudinal natural history study of gCJD patients and first-degree relatives of gCJD patients, aiming to identify biological markers of preclinical CJD and risk factors for phenoconversion. Methods The study has two arms: A cross-sectional protocol for patients diagnosed with gCJD, and a longitudinal protocol for first-degree healthy relatives (HR) (both carriers and non-carriers of the E200K mutation in the PRNP gene) of patients diagnosed with gCJD. At baseline, and at the end of every year, participants are invited for an “in-depth” visit, which includes a clinical evaluation, blood and urine collection, gait assessment, brain MRI, lumbar puncture (LP), and PSG. At 6 months from baseline, and then halfway through each year, participants are invited for a “brief” visit, which includes a clinical evaluation, short cognitive assessment, and blood and urine collection. Discussion This continuous follow-up of the participants and the frequent assessments will allow early identification and diagnosis in case of conversion into disease. The knowledge generated from this study is likely to advance the understanding of the underlying clinicopathological processes that occur at the very beginning of CJD, as well as potential genetic and environmental risk factors for the development of the disease, therefore advancing the development of safe and efficient interventions.