The natural products discovered in marine sponge-associated microorganisms: structures, activities, and mining strategy

Abstract

It is well known that microorganisms are abundant in sponges, which make up 50%-60% of the host biomass. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests that bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria, all associated with sponges, are the true creators of the bioactive compounds identified from sponges. The discovery of 774 structurally active compounds from 1998 to 2017 presents a good overview of natural product resources in sponge-associated microorganisms. During the last 5 years, many new molecules, including peptides, polyketides, alkaloids, and terpenes, have been identified from sponge-associated microorganisms through various mining strategies, exhibiting a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant properties. In this paper, 140 compounds produced by sponge-associated microorganisms from 2017 to 2022 are systematically discussed in terms of their structures, biological activities, and strain sources, as well as the mining strategies, which not only further updates the natural product library of sponge-associated microorganisms but also provides a new guideline for exploring the “dark matter” in sponges.

Chemical Component Analysis of Marine Sponge Extract of Potentially Medicinal Based on Solvent Differences

“…The unique thing that is of concern to the author, especially the results of data analysis in Tables 3 and 4 and Figure 5, is the identification of several saturated hydrocarbon components [23], [27]. Saturated hydrocarbon components contained in the CTR sponge extract are suspected that these marine sponges most likely live or grow and reproduce in marine waters exposed to hydrocarbon pollutants [23], [26].…”

“…Another uniqueness of sponges is their ability to adapt to extreme habitats contaminated with heavy metal pollutants and carcinogenic hydrocarbon components [11], [25], [26]. This makes sea sponges often used as biomonitoring animals for the presence of pollutants and bioindicators for the pollution level of heavy metals and PAH components in a water area [27], [28].…”

Investigating the Biodiversity of Clathria sp. Sponge Symbionts from Derawan Island, Indonesia: An Exploration of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Enzyme-Producing Bacteria

“…A more sustainable approach lies in harnessing the symbiotic bacteria residing within these sponges. Remarkably, these microorganisms have the capability to produce bioactive compounds, eliminating the need to unduly exploit the sponge hosts (Schröder et al, 2003;Muller et al, 2004;Dudler & Eberl, 2006;Asagabaldan et al, 2017;Varijakzhan et al, 2021b;Li et al, 2023).…”

2,4,6-Triphenyl-1-hexene, an Anti-Melanogenic Compound from Marine-Derived Bacillus sp. APmarine135

“…Particularly, research evidence in that bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria, closely associated with sponges, are real pr of the bioactive compounds isolated from the sponges. For example, 140 novel b compounds have been isolated from microorganisms associated with sponges b 2017 and 2022, indicating that they are a reservoir for natural products [8]. In co marine microorganisms have attracted attention due to the presence of novel com with photoprotective, anti-aging, antioxidant, and skin-whitening activities [9].…”